Sulfonic acid compounds listing

With the exception of the anthraquinone-azo series and the salts of hydrox-yanthraquinone sulfonic acids, all of the listed compounds have known a long history as vat dyes before their pigment properties gained commercial recognition (Sec. 3.3). 

MPIC Cations Ion-pair formation neutral HC1 Hexane-sulfonic acid Octane-sulfonic acid In addition to the cations listed under HPIC alkylamines, alkanolamines, quaternary ammonium compounds, cationic surfactants, sulfonium compounds, phosphonium compounds... 

The relative order of increasing adsorptivity of the various sulfur compounds and associated hydrocarbon to be adsorbed on sihca gel, given by Haresnape, Fidler, and Lowry (151), is aromatic hydrocarbons, thiophenes, alkanethiols, alkane disulfides, aromatic and cycloalkanethiols, alkane sulfides, and cyclic sulfides. (The more polar sulfur compounds such as sulfoxides, sulfones, and sulfonic acids would be expected to be more readily adsorbed and therefore would fall at the end of the list.)... 

Practically any aromatic hydrocarbon or aryl halide can be sulfonated if the proper conditions are chosen. As the compound becomes more complex, however, the tendency toward the production of by-products and mixtures of isomers is increased. It is usually difficult to prevent polysubstitution of a reactive hydrocarbon. For example, even when phenanthrene is sulfonated incompletely at room temperature, some disulfonic acids are formed. The sulfonation of anthracene follows such a complex course that the 1- and 2-sulfonic acid derivatives are made from the readily available derivatives of anthraquinone. The foUowii sections include comments.on the accessibility of the reaction products of the commonly available hydrocarbons and aryl halides. The examples cited and still others are listed in Tables I-XIII. 

The report consists of tables compiling equilibrium constants. All the solvents included in the list in Appendix A of the Introduction to this Series (Part I) have been looked up in the literature. In all cases, only systems in which equilibrium constants have been calculated are included in this compilation. The tables on pages 2-17 are for distribution reactions of carboyxlic and sulfonic acid extractants, for their dimerization and other reactions in the organic phase, and for extraction reactions of metal ions from aqueous solutions. The inorganic anions in these solutions are usually irrelevant, since they do not participate in the extraction reaction, hence are not properly called ligands. The extractants themselves are acids, which exchange their hydrogen ions (rarely also alkali metal ions]), for the extracted metal ions, which form compounds with extractants. Since the extractants are monofunctional carboxylic or sulfonic acids, no chelates are formed. 

Vinyl trifluoromethanesulfonates (triflates) are a new class of compounds, unknown before 1969, that have been used most extensively in solvolytic studies to generate vinyl cations.2,3,812 Three methods have been used to prepare these sulfonic esters. The first, involving the preparation and decomposition of acyltriazines,4 requires several steps to prepare the acyltriazines and is limited to the preparation of fully substituted vinyl triflates. The second method involves the electrophilic addition of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid to acetylenes5,8,15 and, consequently, is not applicable to the preparation of trisubstituted vinyl triflates and certain cyclic vinyl triflates. However, this second procedure is relatively simple and often gives purer products in higher yield than the subsequently discussed reaction with ketones. Table I lists vinyl triflates that have been prepared by this procedure. ... 

The nitro group does not undergo migration of the naphthalene ring during the usual nitration procedures. Therefore, mono- and polynitration of naphthalene is similar to low temperature sulfonation, The nitronaphthalenes and some of their physical properties arc listed in fable 2. Many of these compounds are not accessible by direct nitration of naphthalene but are made by indirect methods, e.g nitrite displacement of diazonium halide groups in the presence of a copper catalysts, decarboxylation of nitronaphtbalcnccar-boxylic acids, or deamination of nitronaphthalene amines. They are nsed in the manufacture of chemicals, dye intermediates, and colorants for plastics. 

The best listing of fungicides that we know of is published annually by the Meister Publishing Company of Willoughby, Ohio in their Farm Chemicals Handbook. They list the following compounds or types of compounds as officially "registered" for use on plants in the United States allyl alcohol, ammonium isobutyrate, antibiotics, benzimidazole types, carbofuran, cadmiums, captan types, coppers, carboxin, dehydroacetic acid, Dexon (sodium [4-(dime thy lamino) phenyl diazo sulfonate), diphenyl,... 

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