Sulfobetaine

Specialty sulfonic acid-based surfactants make up a rather large portion of surfactant production in the United States. Approximately 136,000 metric tons of specialty sulfonic acid-based surfactants were produced in 1992, which included alpha-olefin sulfonates, sulfobetaines, sulfosuccinates, and alkyl diphenyl ether disulfonates (64). These materials found use in the areas of household cleaning products, cosmetics (qv), toiletries, emulsion polymerization, and agricultural chemical manufacture. 

Reference 81 describes the use of a salt prepared from a trialkylamine or tris(hydroxyalkyl)amine and sulfonated C8-C20 a-olefins together with a sulfobetaine in a stable liquid detergent having a high content of dissolved electrolytes. These liquid detergents are useful for hair, hands, and clothing. 

Whereas amphoteric surfactants are somewhat outside the scope of this book, amphoteric LSDAs are included here since they were investigated in the course of continuing research by the USDA team. Thus Parris and coworkers found that the sulfobetaine derivatives of fatty amides, in combination with soap, effectively dispersed soap curd [20]. They are synthesized as follows ... 

The search for additional LSDAs over the past 10 years has been extensive and the results are both stimulating and rewarding. New formulations, containing a variety of LSDAs, such as amphoteric sulfobetaines, polymers, and even nonionics, have been introduced. Thus, the older theories on the mechanism of lime soap dispersion require modification and supplementation by newer ones. This line of investigation becomes more significant as some of the LSDAs of this report become commercialized [38]. 

Yuan YL, Zang XP, Ai F, Zhou J, Shen J, and Lin SC. Grafting sulfobetaine monomer onto silicone surface to improve haemocompatibiUty. Polym Int, 2004, 53, 121-126. 

In 1999, Albach and Jautelat described in a patent the use of a sulfobetaine as the surfactant to stabilize Ru, Rh, Pd, Ni nanoparticles and bimetalUc mixtures [77]. Benzene, cumene and isopropylbenzene are reduced in biphasic media under various conditions 100-150 °C and 60 bar of H2. 250 TTO are... 

Figure 8. Preparation of sulfobetain-stabilized hydrosols. (Reprinted from Ref [53], 2007, with permission from Wiley-VCH.)...

D. W. Fong, C. F. Marth, and R. V. Davis. Sulfobetaine-containing polymers and their utility as calcium carbonate scale inhibitors. Patent US6225430, 2001. 

Hu, W., Hasebe, K., Tanaka, K., and Haddad, P R., Electrostatic ion chromatography of polarizable anions in saline waters with N- 2-[acetyl(3-sulfopro-pyl)aminoethyl -N,N-dimethyldodecanaminium hydroxide (ammonium sulfobetaine-1) as the stationary phase and a dilute electrolytic solution as the mobile phase, /. Chromatogr. A, 850, 161, 1999. 

Parris, N., Linfield, W.M., Barford, R.A. (1977). Determination of sulfobetaine amphoteric surfactants by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. Anal. Chem. 49(14), 2228-2231. 

Ci2H25NMe20" Dodecyldimethylamine oxide C12H25NMe2(CH2)3S03 12-3 Zwittergent, Sulfobetaine R0(CH2CH20) (CH2)20H Brij, Igepal, Triton 2 x 1(T3... 

Zwitterionic micelles of the sulfobetaine C16H33N+Me2(CH2)3SO 3 have effects very similar to those of cationic micelles (Table 7). This result is understandable if the substrate binds close to the quaternary ammonium center and the anionic sulfate moiety extends into the aqueous region. 

Polyethers, alkanolamides, alkyls, alkylethoxylates, amines, benzyls, carbohydrates, esters, perfluoroalkyls Alkyl-, amidoimidazoline- and carboxy-quaternary ammonium salts Betaines, phosphobetaines, sulfobetaines... 

A slightly different mechanism of proteins separation results from the use of porous polymeric monoliths containing zwitterionic sulfobetaine groups [68]. 

The use of zwitterionic surfactants commercially has increased dramatically in recent years (U because of their unique properties, such as compatibility and synergism when used in conjunction with most other types of surfactants. This type of surfactant is used in textile processing aids, cosmetic products, cleaning agents, and as antistatic agents. The sulfobetaines have been found to be very good lime soap disperants ( ). 

In contrast to this, there is little information available (11) on the thermodynamics of adsorption of alkyl betaines and no data on the thermodynamic parameters of adsorption or micellization for sulfobetaines. 

In the present work, we have synthesized two betaines and three sulfobetaines in very pure form and have determined their surface and thermodynamic properties of micellization and adsorption. From these data on the two classes of zwitterionics, energetics of micellization and adsorption of the hydrophilic head groups have been estimated and compared to those of nonionic surfactants. 

DAHANAYAKE AND ROSEN Betaine, Sulfobetaine Synthesis, Properties 51... 

The molar absorptivities for the two betaines and the three sulfobetaines in aqueous solution are listed in Table I. Before being used for surface tension measurements, aqueous solution of surfactants were further purified by repeated passage (12) through minicolumns (SEP-PAK Cjs Cartridge, Waters Assoc., Milford Mass.) of octadecylsilanized silica gel. The concentration of surfactant in the effluent from these columns was determined by ultraviolet absorbance, using the molar absorptivities listed in Table I. 

Although the efficiencies of surface tension reduction, pCao, for the betaines and their corresponding sulfobetaines are almost the same, the former appear to show greater effectiveness in surface tenion reduction, as indicated by the values. This may be due... 

Sulfapyridine, 281 Sulfinpyrazone, 282 Sulfisoxazole, 284 Sulfobetaine surfhctants, 298 Sulfonamides, 281,297. tlimiridin, 797 Sunset Yellow, 249 Superficial velMity, 167 Surfime area, molar, 171 Sur UK carbon equivalent, 142 Surface coverage, 144 Surftce modification, 59 Suifsce properties, 125 Surhwe tension, 163, 166, 169,217 correction (isctor for. 203, 213 Sur ctant chromatography, 242... 

Zwittergent 3-12 (Sulfobetain SB 3-12 N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecyl-3-propane sulfonate) 336.6 3.5 55 z... 

Zwittergent 3-14 (Sulfobetain SB 14 N,N-dimethyl-N-tetradecyl-3-propane sulfonate) 363.6 0.25 83 z... 

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