Sulfated mannans

The presence of sulfated mannans in the red algae was described for the first time in 1973. It was found that hydrolysis of a water-soluble mucilage from N. vermiculare gave mannose and xylose instead of the expected galactose.86,87 Subsequent... 

A. I. Usov, K. S. Adamyants, S. V. Yarotsky, A. A. Anoshina, and N. K. Kochetkov, Polysaccharides of algae. 14. Isolation of sulfated mannan and neutral xylan from the red alga Nemalion vermiculare, Zh. Obshch. Khim., 44 (1974) 416 120 (in Russian). 

A. I. Usov and S. V. Yarotsky, Polysaccharides of algae. 21. Alkaline degradation of sulfated mannan from the red alga Nemalion vermiculare Sur, Sov. J. Bioorg. Chem., 1 (1975) 700-703 (English translation from Bioorg. Khim., 1 (1975) 919—922). 

R. Erra-Balsells, A. A. Kolender, M. C. Matulewicz, H. Nonami, and A. S. Cerezo, Matrix-assisted ultraviolet laser-desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of sulfated mannans from the red seaweed Nolhogenitt jasligutUt, Carbohydr. Res., 329 (2000) 157-167. 

Various polysulfates, eg, heparin, dextran sulfate, mannan sulfate (66), galactan sulfate, xylomannan sulfate, polyacetal polysulfate, poly(vinylalkoholsulfate) (67), and poly(acrylic acid vinylalcoholsulfate), are the most potent and selective RSV inhibitors (190). 

Perez Recalde, M., Noseda, M.D., Pujol, C.A., Carlucci, M.J., and Matulewicz, M.C. (2009) Sulfated mannans from the red seaweed Nemalion helminthoides. Phytochemistry, 70, 1062-1068. 

Biosorption is a rather complex process affected by several factors that include different binding mechanisms (Figure 10.4). Most of the functional groups responsible for metal binding are found in cell walls and include carboxyl, hydroxyl, sulfate, sulfhydryl, phosphate, amino, amide, imine, and imidazol moieties.4 90 The cell wall of plant biomass has proteins, lipids, carbohydrate polymers (cellulose, xylane, mannan, etc.), and inorganic ions of Ca(II), Mg(II), and so on. The carboxylic and phosphate groups in the cell wall are the main acidic functional groups that affect directly the adsorption capacity of the biomass.101... 

Characteristically, the a-isoprene unit is saturated, unlike bacterial undecaprenol, in which it is unsaturated, The dolichol mono- and di-phosphoric esters function as glycosylated intermediates2 in the synthesis of glycoproteins, keratan sulfate, cellulose, and yeast mannan, and that is why they are discussed here. 

Invertase from a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant could be separated into two fractions on the basis of solubility in ammonium sulfate.382 The soluble fraction reacted with endo-(l - 6)-a-mannanase, when it became insoluble. The results suggested that the insoluble fraction contained only the highly branched, core section, but the soluble fraction also had the (l->6)-a-D-mannan chain attached. 

HIV infection in humans is now pandemic. As of January 2006, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) estimate that AIDS has killed more than 25 million people since it was first recognized on December 1, 1981, making it one of the most destructive pandemics in recorded history. Antiretroviral treatment reduces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection, but routine access to antiretroviral medication is not available in all countries. An alternative therapy to circumvent this problem is the use of polyanionic substances, which demonstrated a number of promising features as potential anti-HIV drug candidates. In this respect, various SPs (e.g., heparin, DS, dextrin sulfate, cyclo dextrin sulfate, curdlan sulfate, pentosan polysulfate, mannan sulfate, sulfoevernan, and fucoidan) and derivatives thereof (e.g., O-acylated heparin, polyacetal polysulfate, polyvinyl alcohol sulfate, and modified cyclo dextrin sulfates) have been found to inhibit HIV replication in vitro at concentrations that are up to 10 000-fold lower than the cytotoxic concentration [2,71]. 

The a-(1 3)-hnked D-mannans of Nothogenia fastigiata sulfated on C-2 and C-6 also mimic the minimal binding domain of HS. However, the lower antiviral activity of the fractions with D-xylose side chains suggests that branching precludes binding to the gC viral protein [21],... 

M. C. Matulewicz and A. S. Cerezo, Water-soluble sulfated polysaccharides from the red seaweed Chaetangiumfastigiatum. Analysis of the system and the structures of the a-D-( 1 —>3)-linked mannans, Carbohydr. Polym., 7 (1987) 121-132. 

H. Lechat, M. Amat, J. Mazoyer, A. Buleon, and M. Lahaye, Structure and distribution of gluco-mannan and sulfated glucan in the cell walls of the red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta),/. Phycol., 36 (2000) 891-902. 

On comparing data on the carbohydrate composition of wood with those on sulfate pulps, Sundman and coworkers concluded that the galactans and arabans of wood are almost completely dissolved during the sulfate cook. About 70% of the mannan is dissolved from pine wood, as is about 60% of the mannan from birch. From pine, about 50 to 70% of the... 

Kolender, A. A., Pujol, C. A., Damonte, E. B., Matulewicz, M. C., and Cerezo, A. S. (1997). The system of sulfated a-(l —> 3)-linked D-mannans from the red seaweed Nothogenia fasti-giata Structures, antiherpetic and anticoagulant properties. Carbohydr. Res. 304,53-60. 

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