Curdlan sulfate

Gao, Y., Katsuraya, K., Kaneko, Y., Mimura, T., Nakashima, H., and Uryu, T., Synthesis, enzymatic hydrolysis, and anti-HIV activity of AZT-spacer-curdlan sulfates, Macromolecules, 32, 8319, 1999. 

HIV infection in humans is now pandemic. As of January 2006, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) estimate that AIDS has killed more than 25 million people since it was first recognized on December 1, 1981, making it one of the most destructive pandemics in recorded history. Antiretroviral treatment reduces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection, but routine access to antiretroviral medication is not available in all countries. An alternative therapy to circumvent this problem is the use of polyanionic substances, which demonstrated a number of promising features as potential anti-HIV drug candidates. In this respect, various SPs (e.g., heparin, DS, dextrin sulfate, cyclo dextrin sulfate, curdlan sulfate, pentosan polysulfate, mannan sulfate, sulfoevernan, and fucoidan) and derivatives thereof (e.g., O-acylated heparin, polyacetal polysulfate, polyvinyl alcohol sulfate, and modified cyclo dextrin sulfates) have been found to inhibit HIV replication in vitro at concentrations that are up to 10 000-fold lower than the cytotoxic concentration [2,71]. 

Curdlan, which is a linear (1—> 3)-/3-D-glucan (O Scheme i), also suppresses the proliferation of subcutaneously implanted sarcoma 180 markedly [7]. Curdlan sulfate with a high degree of suhstitution (O Scheme 4) is reported to exert strong anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) activity [8,9]. 

Kyriacou, H. M., Steen, K. E., Raza, A., Arman, M., Warimwe, G., Bull, P. C., Havlik, I., and Rowe, J. A. (2007). In vitro inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum rosette formation by Curdlan sulfate. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51,1321-1326. 

Naito, T. et al, J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 2001, 26, 512-513 curdlan sulfate)... 

Kaneko Y, Yoshida O, Nakagawa R, Yoshida T, Dato M, Ogihara S, Shioya S, Mat-suzawa Y, Nagashima N et al (1990) Inhibition of HIV-1 infectivity with curdlan sulfate in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 39 793-797... 

Other poly(saccharides) find practical applications. For example, konjac and carrageenan have numerous cosmetic and medical uses. Konjac is used in controlled release applications and as a barrier film to protect wounds. Carrageenans are used in dentifrices, hand lotions, shaving creams, shampoos and controlled release systems.i Poly(saccharides) derived from fungi have been shown to possess anti-tumor properties, and some recent research suggests curdlan sulfate may have antiviral activity, including potential anti-AIDS activity. The topic of biologically active poly(saccharides) has been reviewed recently.2 ... 

A new polysaccaride-C ) system was reported in 2007. This time curdlan sulfates was the saccharide of choice because of its high solubility in water and its strong anti-HIV activity (Figure 2.6) [73]. 

Osawa Z., Morota X, Hatanaka K., Akaike X, Matsuzaki K., Nakashima H., Yamamoto N., Suzuki E., Miyano H., Mimura X, Kaneko Y., Synthesis of sulfated derivatives of curdlan and their antiHIV activity, Carbohyd. Polym., 21,1993, 283-288. 

Linear Pentasaccharides. - Several glucopentaoses have been reported. The a-l,2-linked compound which is a pentamer fragment of polysaccharide II of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has been synthesized, and the p-l,3-Iinked isomer has been obtained by acetolysis, followed by hydrolysis, of curdlan and converted to the dodecyl glycoside which was then partially sulfated to give a product showing some anti-HIV activity.Chemo-enzymic methods have been used in... 

---