Sulfated hyaluronic acid

Model building in the computer is used to analyze the conformational effects of steric interactions between atoms of the polymer skeleton for x-carrageenan, t-carrageenan, A-carrageenan, agar, chondroltin, chondroitin sulfates, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, and related polysaccharides. Over 99% of the conformations are thus excluded and virtually all of the remainder for each polysaccharide lie close together. Predictions are also made from disaccharide crystal structures and checked against experimental results. 

The depolvmerization of N-deacetylated chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, heparin, and heparan sulfate by nitrous acid has been studied quantitatively by reduction of the products with tritiated sodium borohydride followed by radiochromatography88 (see also, Ref. 254a). 

The glycosaminoglycans of root dentine from permanent human teeth comprise chondroitin-4-sulfate as the major glycosaminoglycan, and chondroitin-6-sulfate, hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate, and a non-sulfated galactosaminoglycan in minor quantities309. ... 

One of the manifestations of generalized or localized pretibial myxedema is a pronounced edema of the corium, with accumulation of mucinous material in the edema fluid. Both hyaluronic acid and a sulfated mucopolysaccharide fraction were isolated in increased quantity from the affected area of the skin of a patient with localized pretibial myxedema (Wl). Following this observation, the relationship between the functional status of the thyroid gland and the mucopolysaccharides of skin has been discussed in numerous publications. Analysis of the acid mucopolysaccharides of human skin has revealed the presence of dermatan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, and a small amount of chondroitin 4- or 6-sulfate (L9). 

Other molecules have been suggested as being useful lung-specific bioadhesive agents [137,138], for example, insulin, transferrin, prostaglandins, hirudin-inhibited thrombin (which binds thrombomodulin), anionic polysaccharides, oligosaccharides (such as dextran sulfate, dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid), peptides (such as benzoyl-phe-ala-pro [BPAPI] that... 

Heteropolysaccharides are long-chain polymers that contain more than one type of monosaccharide, many of which are amino sugars. As a result, they are often referred to as gly-cosaminoglycans, which include chondroitm sulfate, hyaluronic acid, and heparin. Hyaluronic acid is abundant in the fluid of joints and in the vitreous humor of the eye. Chondroitin sulfate is an important component of cartilage and heparin has anticoagulant function. The structures of the repeat units of these polymers are shown below. 

At least seven types of glycosaminoglycans exist, which differ in the monosaccharides present in their repeating disaccharide units—chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparin, heparin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, and keratan sulfates I and II. Except for hyaluronic acid, the glycosaminoglycans are linked to proteins, usually attached covalently to serine or threonine residues (Fig. 49.9). Keratan sulfate I is attached to asparagine. 

L. Cen, K.G. Neoh, Y. Li, E.T. Kang, Assessment of in vitro bioactivity of hyaluronic acid and sulfated hyaluronic acid functionalized electroactive polymer. Biomacromolecules 5 (6) (2004) 2238-2246. 

Peptides Matrix polymers (fihronectin, heparin sulfate, hyaluronic acid) Lipid bilayer membranes... 

TLR 4 Gram negative cell wall component lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Bacterial and host heat shock proteins. Host cellular components fibrinogen, heparan sulfate, hyaluronic acid. Nickle and opioid drugs... 

Compressed collagen, cross-linked collagen/chondroitin sulfate/hyaluronic acid, beta-glycerol phosphate/collagen/chitosan... 

Zhang L, Li K, Xiao W, Zheng L, Xiao Y, Fan H, Zhang X [2011]. Preparation of collagen-chondroitin sulfate-hyaluronic acid hybrid hydrogel scaffolds and cell compatibility in vitro. Carbohydr Polym, 84, 118-125. 

Electrostatic Polyfstyrene sulfonate), polyallylamine hydrochloride, poly (diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride), polyethyleneimine, Nafion/Fe, poly (4-vinylpyridine), poly (acrylic acid), poly (methacrylic acid), poly (hydroxypropyl methacrylamide), polyferrocenylsillane [sulfonate] Poly(L-aspartic acid), poly(L-lysine) [imine formation], poly (L-arginine), albumin, protamine, silk proteins Dextran [sulfate], chitosan [quatemazied, sulfate], hyaluronic acid, alginate... 

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