Sulfate salts, solubility

Nickel sulfamate is more soluble than the sulfate salt, and baths can be operated using higher nickel concentrations and higher currents. Sulfamate baths have been found to have superior microthrowing power, the abiUty to deposit in small cracks or crevices. Using one nickel salt, only a hydrometer and pH paper are needed to control the bath. A small amount of chloride salt was added as a proprietary. Highly purified nickel sulfamate concentrates are commercially available that can be used to make up new plating baths without further purification. 

Acid addition is commonly used to convert bicarbonates into the more soluble sulfate salts to reduce the alkalinity of the RO RW, which in turn modifies the brine reject water LSI. Sometimes it is required to maintain the pH level within membrane limits. Additionally, it may be used in conjunction with a reduced dosage of antiscalent chemical to reduce the overall chemical treatment costs. 

Salts of monovalent metals of alcohol and alcohol ether sulfates are soluble in water, with the solubility dependend on the cation and the chain length. Ammonium salts are more soluble than sodium salts and these are more soluble than potassium salts. On the other hand, sulfates with short hydrophobic chains are more soluble than those with longer chains but the short-chain molecules have a solubilizing effect on the more insoluble longer chain molecules [68], The solubility of sodium salts of different alcohol sulfates is shown in Fig. 2 and the solubility of sodium and potassium salts of dodecyl sulfate is compared. 

Calcium salts have a low solubility in water but this is only true for dodecyl and higher sulfates. Pure octyl and decyl calcium sulfates are soluble substances. 

According to the flowchart, salts of chloride and sulfate are soluble. Therefore, no precipitate will form unless one of these compounds is included among the exceptions listed in Table 4A - Barium sulfate is one of these exceptions, so it is an insoluble salt. 

As examples of some water-soluble salts, mention may be made of potassium chloride, copper sulfate, and sodium vanadate. As examples of some water-insoluble salts, mention may be made of some typical ones such as lead chloride, silver chloride, lead sulfate, and calcium sulfate. The solubilities of most salts increases with increasing temperature. Some salts possess solubilities that vary very little with temperature or even decline. An interesting example is provided by ferrous sulfate, the water solubility of which increases as temperature is raised from room temperature, remains fairly constant between 57 and 67 °C, and decreases at higher temperatures to below 12 g l-1 at 120 °C. Table 5.2 presents the different types of dissolution reactions in aqueous solutions, and Table 5.3 in an indicative way presents the wide and varied types of raw materials that different leaching systems treat. It will be relevant to have a look at Table 5.4 which captures some of the essential and desirable features for a successful leaching system. 

The preparation of salts of organic compounds is one of the most important tools available to the for-mulator. Compounds for both IM and IV solutions may require high solubility in order for the drug to be incorporated into acceptable volumes for bolus administration (see Table 1). Sodium and potassium salts of weak acids and hydrochloride and sulfate salts of weak bases are widely used in parenterals requiring highly soluble compounds, based on their overall safety and history of clinical acceptance. 

Most lanthanide compounds are sparingly soluble. Among those that are analytically important are the hydroxides, oxides, fluorides, oxalates, phosphates, complex cyanides, 8-hydroxyquinolates, and cup-ferrates. The solubility of the lanthanide hydroxides, their solubility products, and the pH at which they precipitate, are given in Table 2. As the atomic number increases (and ionic radius decreases), the lanthanide hydroxides become progressively less soluble and precipitate from more acidic solutions. The most common water-soluble salts are the lanthanide chlorides, nitrates, acetates, and sulfates. The solubilities of some of the chlorides and sulfates are also given in Table 2. 

The procedure for the formation of diaminouracil bisulfite is slightly modified from that of Cain, Mallette, and Taylor,2 which in turn is derived from preparations of Bogert and Davidson,8 and Traube.4 The sulfate salt may be formed in lower yield than the hydrochloride described here by dissolving the bisulfite salt in aqueous base and precipitating with sulfuric acid.8-4 The hydrochloride is appreciably soluble in water, while the sulfate salt is only slightly soluble. 

Cadmium is a silver-white, blue-tinged, lustrous metal that melts at 321°C and boils at 767°C. This divalent element has an atomic weight of 112.4, an atomic number of 48, and a density of 8.642 g/cm3. It is insoluble in water, although its chloride and sulfate salts are freely soluble (Windholz et al. 1976 USPHS 1993). The availability of cadmium to living organisms from their immediate physical and chemical environs depends on numerous factors, including adsorption and desorption rates of cadmium from terrigenous materials, pH, Eh, chemical speciation, and many... 

Worked Example 3.10. Here, we will consider a real situation. There is thought to be contamination from a zinc smelting plant, so a sample of soil from near the smelter is collected and digested in sulfuric acid (of concentration 0.01 mol dm in order to leach out the soluble zinc as the sulfate salt. 

Cadmium is found naturally deep in the subsurface in zinc, lead, and copper ores, in coal, shales, and other fossil fuels it also is released during volcanic activity. These deposits can serve as sources to ground and surface waters, especially when in contact with soft, acidic waters. Chloride, nitrate, and sulfate salts of cadmium are soluble, and sorption to soils is pH-dependent (increasing with alkalinity). Cadmium found in association with carbonate minerals, precipitated as stable solid compounds, or coprecipitated with hydrous iron oxides is less likely to be mobilized by resuspension of sediments or biological activity. Cadmium absorbed to mineral surfaces (e.g., clay) or organic materials is more easily bioaccumulated or released in a dissolved state when sediments are disturbed, such as during flooding. 

The physical and chemical properties of elemental thorium and a few representative water soluble and insoluble thorium compounds are presented in Table 3-2. Water soluble thorium compounds include the chloride, fluoride, nitrate, and sulfate salts (Weast 1983). These compounds dissolve fairly readily in water. Soluble thorium compounds, as a class, have greater bioavailability than the insoluble thorium compounds. Water insoluble thorium compounds include the dioxide, carbonate, hydroxide, oxalate, and phosphate salts. Thorium carbonate is soluble in concentrated sodium carbonate (Weast 1983). Thorium metal and several of its compounds are commercially available. No general specifications for commercially prepared thorium metal or compounds have been established. Manufacturers prepare thorium products according to contractual specifications (Hedrick 1985). 

Consistent with these findings, the aqueous solubility (unbuffered) of the indinavir sulfate salt exceeds 100 mg/mL, The solubility of indinavir... 

Lightly caustic wash fuel to remove sulfuric acid. The sodium sulfate salt which forms is water soluble and is removed from the fuel. 

Colistin is a linear-ring peptide antibiotic. Its main components are colistin A and colistin B. It is a member of the polymyxin family of antibiotics that is stable in dry form and in water solution. The sulfate salt of colistin, which is usually administered as feed additive, is soluble in water, slightly soluble in methanol, and practically insoluble in acetone and ether. Colistin components do not have any specific fluorophore and UV chromophore, so detection by liquid chromatography at residue levels of interest is difficult without including a suitable derivatization step in the analytical method. 

Clopidogrel bisulfate has been reported to be freely soluble in methanol, sparingly soluble in methylene chloride, and practically insoluble in ethyl ether and in water at neutral pH. At pH 1, the compound is freely soluble in water [3], which is one of the reasons why the hydrogen sulfate salt is the preferred form of the drug substance. 

A cold early climate and a thin CO2 atmosphere are consistent with the ubiquity of primary igneous minerals and the apparent absence of secondary minerals and copious carbonates on the surface. Aqueous eruptions introduced soluble chloride and sulfate salts into Martian soils, leaving clays and carbonates within the crust. If the Martian crust hosts a deep biosphere, aqueous eruptions could bring organisms or their chemical signature to the surface. The biotic component of any recent eruptions may be preserved in transient ice in cold traps on the surface. 

---