SPECIAL SUGARS

Sugars, special Sugar trading Suhr s borate Sulbactam [68373-14-8]... 

Another trend that is likely to affect the bakery business is the move to healthier food. This could lead to an increase in products based on wholemeal flour as well as products based on sugar replacers rather than sugar. Special sugar-free bakery products are currently made particularly for the benefit of diabetics. 

Lactose [63-42-3] - [CARBOHYDRATES] (Vol 4) - [MILKANDMILKPRODUCTS] (Vol 16) - [FEEDS AND FEED ADDITIVES - RUMINANT FEEDS] (Vol 10) - [SUGAR- SPECIAL SUGARS] (Vol 23) - [FINECHEMICALS - STANDARDS] (Vol 10) -compared to suaose [SUGAR - PROPERTIES OF SUCROSE] (Vol 23) -enzymatic degradation [ENZYME APPLICATIONS - THERAPEUTIC] (Vol 9) -use in antibiotic fermentation [ANTIBIOTICS - BETA-LACTAMS - CEPHALOSPORINS] (Vol 3)... 

Milk sugar - [MILKAND MILK PRODUCTS] (Vol 16) - [SUGAR-SPECIAL SUGARS] (Vol 23)... 

Lectin Cofactors Matrix (Supplier) Elution Sugar Special Characteristics... 

Invert sugar Solid Invert Sugar Special Liquid Invert Sugar... 

The third method is of limited application and is used only in special cases, The second is the most accurate and rapid method, and is of considerable technical importance. The chemical method (described below), although less accurate than the polarimetric method, is of great value for the estimation of sugars in biological fluids. In fact, for such purposes, it is often to be preferred to the polarimetric method owing to the probable presence of other substances having high optical rotations. 

A major trend in organic synthesis, however, is the move towards complex systems. It may happen that one needs to combine a steroid and a sugar molecule, a porphyrin and a carotenoid, a penicillin and a peptide. Also the specialists in a field have developed reactions and concepts that may, with or without modifications, be applied in other fields. If one needs to protect an amino group in a steroid, it is advisable not only to search the steroid literature but also to look into publications on peptide synthesis. In the synthesis of corrin chromophores with chiral centres, special knowledge of steroid, porphyrin, and alkaloid chemistry has been very helpful (R.B. Woodward, 1967 A. Eschenmoser, 1970). 

The major classes of organic compounds common to living systems are lipids pro terns nucleic acids and carbohydrates Carbohydrates are very familiar to us— we call many of them sugars They make up a substantial portion of the food we eat and provide most of the energy that keeps the human engine running Carbohy drates are structural components of the walls of plant cells and the wood of trees Genetic information is stored and transferred by way of nucleic acids specialized derivatives of carbohydrates which we 11 examine m more detail m Chapter 28... 

Another name for glucitol obtained by reduction of d glucose is sorbitol it is used as a sweetener especially in special diets required to be low in sugar Reduction of D fructose yields a mixture of glucitol and mannitol corresponding to the two possi ble configurations at the newly generated chirality center at C 2... 

Sugar derivatives. Sugar economics. Special sugars. 

Moisture. In relatively pure sugar solutions, moisture is deterrnined as the difference between 100 and Brix. In crystalline products, it is usually deterrnined by loss-on-drying under specified conditions in an oven or by commercial moisture analyzers that have built-in balances. Moisture in molasses and heavy symps is deterrnined by a special loss-on-drying technique, which involves coating the sample onto sand to provide a greater surface area for oven drying. The result of this test is usually considered dry substance rather than moisture. 

Although sucrose is commercially the most important sugar, there are also special sugars with special appHcations, among which fmctose is the most important. 

Early applications of crystalline fructose focused on foods for special dietary applications, primarily calorie reduction and diabetes control. The latter application sought to capitalize on a signiftcandy lower serum glucose level and insulin response in subjects with noninsulin-dependent diabetes melUtus (21,22) and insulin-dependent diabetes (23). However, because fmctose is a nutritive sweetener and because dietary fmctose conversion to glucose in the hver requires insulin in the same way as dietary glucose or sucrose, recommendations for its use are the same as for other nutritive sugars (24). Review of the health effects of dietary fmctose is available (25). 

Xyfitol is approved, according to 21 CFR 172.395, for special dietary uses at levels not greater than that required to produce its intended effect. Xyfitol is used in sugar-free chewing gum to provide sweetness, softness and a cooling effect. 

Anhydrous a-dextrose is manufactured by dissolving dextrose monohydrate in water and crysta11i2ing at 60—65°C in a vacuum pan. Evaporative crysta11i2ation is necessary to avoid color formation at high temperatures and hydrate formation at low temperatures. The product is separated by centrifugation, washed, dried to a moisture level of ca 0.1%, and marketed as a very pure grade of sugar for special appHcations. 

Ghromium(III) Compounds. Chromium (ITT) is the most stable and most important oxidation state of the element. The E° values (Table 2) show that both the oxidation of Cr(II) to Cr(III) and the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) are favored in acidic aqueous solutions. The preparation of trivalent chromium compounds from either state presents few difficulties and does not require special conditions. In basic solutions, the oxidation of Cr(II) to Cr(III) is still favored. However, the oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) by oxidants such as peroxides and hypohaUtes occurs with ease. The preparation of Cr(III) from Cr(VI) ia basic solutions requires the use of powerful reducing agents such as hydra2ine, hydrosulfite, and borohydrides, but Fe(II), thiosulfate, and sugars can be employed in acid solution. Cr(III) compounds having identical counterions but very different chemical and physical properties can be produced by controlling the conditions of synthesis. 

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