Suffixes alcohols

The term acjdoin is commonly used as a class name for the symmetrical keto-alcohols RCOCH(OH)R, and the name of the individual compound Is derived by adding the suffix oin to the stem name of the acid to which the acyloin corresponds, e.g., acetoin, propionoin, butyroin, etc. 

By analogy to the hydration of alkenes hydration of an alkyne is expected to yield an alcohol The kind of alcohol however would be of a special kind one m which the hydroxyl group is a substituent on a carbon-carbon double bond This type of alcohol IS called an enol (the double bond suffix ene plus the alcohol suffix ol) An important property of enols is their rapid isomerization to aldehydes or ketones under the condi tions of their formation... 

Diols are almost always given substitutive lUPAC names As the name of the prod uct m the example indicates the substitutive nomenclature of diols is similar to that of alcohols The suffix dwl replaces ol and two locants one for each hydroxyl group are required Note that the final e of the parent alkane name is retained when the suffix begins with a consonant ( diol) but dropped when the suffix begins with a vowel ( ol)... 

Cholesterol is the central compound m any discussion of steroids Its name is a combination of the Greek words for bile (chole) and solid (stereos) preceding the characteristic alcohol suffix ol It is the most abundant steroid present m humans and the most important one as well because all other steroids arise from it An average adult has over 200 g of cholesterol it is found m almost all body tissues with relatively large amounts present m the brain and spinal cord and m gallstones Cholesterol is the chief constituent of the plaque that builds up on the walls of arteries m atherosclerosis... 

Esters are named by replacing the ending -ic acid with the suffix -ate. The alcohol portion of the ester is named by replacing the -ane ending of the parent hydrocarbon name with the suffix -yl. The alkyl radical name of an ester is separated from the carboxylate name, eg, methyl formate for HCOOCH. Amides are named by changing the ending -oic acid to -amide for either systematic or common names, eg, hexanamide and acetamide. 

Among oxygen containing groups, a higher oxidation state takes precedence over a lower one in deter-rnining the suffix of the substitutive nane. Thus, a compound that contains both an alcohol and an aldehyde function is named as an aldehyde. 

Simple alcohols are named by the IUPAC system as derivatives of the parent alkane, using the suffix -ol. 

Thiols, sometimes called mercaptcms, are sulfur analogs of alcohols. They are named by the same system used for alcohols, with the suffix -thiol used in place of -ol. The -SH group itself is referred to as a rnercapto group. 

Ketones are named by replacing the terminal -e of the corresponding alkane name with -one. The parent chain is the longest one that contains the ketone group, and the numbering begins at the end nearer the carbonyl carbon. As with alkenes (Section 6.3) and alcohols (Section 17.1), the locant is placed before the parent name in older rules but before the suffix in newer IUPAC recommendations. For example ... 

Although a polyfunctional organic molecule might contain several different functional groups, we must choose just one suffix for nomenclature purposes. It s not correct to use two suffixes. Thus, keto ester 1 must be named either as a ketone with an -one suffix or as an ester with an -oate suffix but can t be named as an -onoate. Similarly, amino alcohol 2 must be named either as an alcohol (-0/) or as an amine (-amine) but can t be named as an -olamine or -anritiol. 

The only exception to the rule requiring a single suffix is when naming compounds that have double or triple bonds. Thus, the unsaturated acid H2C=CHCH2C02H is 3-butenoic acid, and the acetylenic alcohol HC=CCH2CH2CH2OH is 5-pentyn-l-ol. 

The common name of an ester consists of two words. The first word (methyl, ethyl,...) is derived from that of the alcohol the second word (formate, acetate,...) is the name of the acid with the -ic suffix replaced by -ate. Thus ethyl formate (Table 22.4) is made from ethyl alcohol and formic acid ... 

The second compound above raises an important issue how do you name the functional group when you have two functional groups in a compound One will go in the suffix of the name and the other will be a prefix in the substituent part of the name. But how do we choose which one goes as the suffix of the name There is a hierarchy that needs to be followed. The six groups shown above are listed according to their hierarchy, so a carboxylic acid takes precedence over an alcohol. A compound with both of these groups is named as a ketone and we put the term hydroxy in the substituent part of the name. 

Answer There are two functional groups in this compound, so we have to decide between calling this compound an amine or calling it an alcohol. If we look at the hierarchy above, we see that an alcohol outranks an amine. Therefore, we use the suffix -ol in naming this compound. 

One of the major organizing principles in organic chemistry is the presence of special arrangements of atoms. These so-called functional groups convey particular chemical properties. For example, a substance that contains an —OH group is called an alcohol. The systematic name of an alcohol is obtained by adding the suffix -ol to the name of the alkane with the same carbon framework. Thus, CH3 OH has the carbon framework of methane and is called methanol, whereas C2 H5 OH has the carbon framework of efhane and is called ethanol. 

Denote alcohol component with -yl suffix, acid with -oate or -ate suffix. 

The cyclic hemiacetal and hemiketal forms of monosaccharides are capable of reacting with an alcohol to form acetals and ketals (see Section 7.2). The acetal or ketal product is termed a glycoside, and the non-carbohydrate portion is referred to as an aglycone. In the nomenclature of glycosides we replace the suffix -ose in the sugar with -oside. Simple glycosides may be synthesized by treating an alcoholic solution of the monosaccharide with an acidic catalyst, but the reaction mixture usually then contains a mixture of products. This is an accepted problem with many carbohydrate reactions it is often difficult to carry out selective transformations because of their multifunctional nature. 

As you see later in this chapter in the section Uniting acids and alcohols to make esters, esters come from an alcohol and an acid. The name of an ester reflects this origin. The alcohol name appears first (as an alkyl), and the acid name comes second, with the suffix -ate replacing the -ic acid part of the acid name. Two examples of ester structures and names are in Figure 12-4. 

ROH is an alcohol and ArOH is a phenol (Chapter 19). Some alcohols have common names, usually made up of the name of the alkyl group attached to the OH and the word alcohol" e.g., ethyl ilcohol, C2H5OH. More generally the lUPAC method is used, in which the suffix -ol replaces the -e of the alkane to indicate the OH. The longest chain with the OH group is used as the parent, and the C bonded to the OH is called the carbinol carbon. 

IB = internal bond strength F = suffix used to indicate methylolated sample WtpF = weight of PF resin in a lOOg board WtML = weight of methylolated lignin in a lOOg board Rf = total aliphatic OH index Ra = total alcohol index... 

Alcohols with double or triple bonds are named using the -ol suffix on the alkene or aUcyne name. Numbering gives the hydroxyl group the lowest possible number. When numbers are also given for the multiple bond position, the position of the hydroxyl can be written immediately before the -ol prefix. If the hydroxyl group is only a minor part of the structure, it may be named as a hydroxy- substituent. 

Dials are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. They are named as for alcohols except that the suffix -dial is used and two numbers are required to locate the hydroxyls. 1,2-diols are called glycols. The common names for glycols usually arise from the name of the aUcene from which they are prepared. 

The nomenclature is similar to alcohols, except that they are named using the suffix -thiol, and as a substituent as mercapto-. 

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