Substrate layer

Figure Bl.21.1 shows a number of other clean umeconstnicted low-Miller-index surfaces. Most surfaces studied in surface science have low Miller indices, like (111), (110) and (100). These planes correspond to relatively close-packed surfaces that are atomically rather smooth. With fee materials, the (111) surface is the densest and smoothest, followed by the (100) surface the (110) surface is somewhat more open , in the sense that an additional atom with the same or smaller diameter can bond directly to an atom in the second substrate layer. For the hexagonal close-packed (licp) materials, the (0001) surface is very similar to the fee (111) surface the difference only occurs deeper into the surface, namely in the fashion of stacking of the hexagonal close-packed monolayers onto each other (ABABAB.. . versus ABCABC.. ., in the convenient layerstacking notation). The hep (1010) surface resembles the fee (110) surface to some extent, in that it also...

Fig. 10. Exploded view of a monolithic multicomponent ceramic substrate. Layers (a) signal distribution (b) resistor (c) capacitor (d) circuit protection ...

Diffusion. Another technique for modifying the electrical properties of siUcon and siUcon-based films involves introducing small amounts of elements having differing electrical compositions, dopants, into substrate layers. Diffusion is commonly used. There are three ways dopants can be diffused into a substrate film (/) the surface can be exposed to a chemical vapor of the dopant at high temperatures, or (2) a doped-oxide, or (J) an ion-implanted layer can be used. Ion implantation is increasingly becoming the method of choice as the miniaturization of ICs advances. However, diffusion is used in... 

The most commonly used reinforcement for high pressure decorative and industrial laminates is paper (qv). The strong substrate layers, or filler, are kraft paper. Kraft is a brown paper made from a sulfate pulp process (8). It consists of both short cellulose fibers from hardwoods and long fibers from conifers. The long fibers impart most of the wet strength required for resin saturation processes. 

Other reinforcements that may be used in the substrate layers of decorative laminates and throughout the stmcture of industrial laminates are woven fabrics of glass or canvas and nonwoven fabrics of various polymeric monofilaments such as polyester, nylon, or carbon fibers. Woven and nonwoven fabrics tend to be much stronger than paper and have much more uniform strength throughout the x—y plane. They greatly enhance properties of laminates such as impact and tear strength. 

Copper conductive layer Insulating layer Aluminum substrate layer... 

Cu/Fee/Cu (right) (001) oriented multilayers when the substrate layer marked by an arrow is alloyed by Au. The Au concentration is varied between 0 (continuous line) and 100% (broken line). Only the Fe layers are numbered. 

In order to perform the electrodeposition, first a 3 nm layer of Au was sputter-coated onto one side of the ca. 50 p.m thick membrane to form a conductive surface. A Ni substrate layer was then electrochemically plated on top of the Au, as to... 

Most suitable would be the use of a perfectly NH4+ ion-selective glass electrode however, a disadvantage of this type of enzyme electrode is the time required for the establishment of equilibrium (several minutes) moreover, the normal Nernst response of 59 mV per decade (at 25° C) is practically never reached. Nevertheless, in biochemical investigations these electrodes offer special possibilities, especially because they can also be used in the reverse way as an enzyme-sensing electrode, i.e., by testing an enzyme with a substrate layer around the bulb of the glass electrode. 

As the mode propagates within the waveguide by total internal reflection, its exponentially decaying evanescent tail extends into both cover and substrate layers over a distance that is characterised by the penetration depth, dp. The extent to which the evanescent field penetrates the cover layer is of vital importance to the operation of evanescent-wave-based sensors. The penetration depth can be calculated from Equation (1) and is typically of the order of the wavelength of the propagating light. 

The technique has however been applied to the adsorption of O, S and Se on Ni(lOO), Ni(l 10) and Ni(l 11). In the case of 0 on Ni(lOO) a substrate reconstruction was inferred, with penetration of the adsorbate into the topmost substrate layer, in disagreement with LEED results. A small distortion of the substrate was concluded for S on Ni(lOO), but the same adsorption site was found as with LEED (cf. Sect. VI). 

If one now also takes the second and deeper substrate layers into consideration, one may in particular wonder whether the adsorbate atoms choose an adsorption site consistent with a continuation of the substrate lattice. It appears from the available... 

Fig. 7.2. Perspective view of metastable on Pt(111) (hydrogen atom positions are uncertain). Thin-lined atoms belong to second substrate layer...

ML an ordered c(2 x 2) phase is formed in which the atoms occupy alternate four-fold coordinated hollow sites in the surface (Figure 1.3). This means that in the second substrate layer half of the Ni atoms have an oxygen atom directly above them while the other half have no such near-neighbour. This leads to a rumpling of the second Ni layer, with the Ni atoms below the adsorbates being 0.035 A lower than those that are not covered in this way. This effect is marginal but detectable... 

Co-extrusion, placement of a film of coating layer material on the surface of a substrate layer. 

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