Substance abuse detecting

DNLM 1. Doping in Sports. 2. Spectrum Analysis-methods. 3. Substance Abuse Detection-methods. QT 261 T418m 2010]... 

Rao et al.20 demonstrated a fluorescence polarization immunoassay for evaluating serum concentrations of tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline, imipramine, clomipramine, and doxepin) with respect to nonresponse, compliance, therapeutic window, and influences of age, sex, substance abuse, and toxicity. Abbott Laboratories TDx/TDxFLx Toxicology Tricyclic Assay FPIA (fluorescence polarization immunoassay) was used. This assay of 50 /uL samples contained tricyclic antidepressant antibodies raised in rabbits and fluorescein-labeled tricyclic antidepressant as a tracer. The assay was calibrated with imipramine in the range of 75 to 1000 fig/L (268 to 3571 nmol/L). Intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation for internal quality control samples from the manufacturer were 4.2 and 4.7%, respectively. The limits of detection were 72,71,64, and 72 nmol/L for amitriptyline, imipramine, clomipramine, and doxepin, respectively. This high-throughput immunoassay was easy to use although amitriptyline, dosulepine, desipramine, and nortriptyline showed cross-reactivities ranging from 74 to 100%. 

Fentanyl abuse among non-medical personnel has come in waves as new derivatives are discovered. However, the problem is growing in the United States. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) states that 576 people were treated in emergency rooms for fentanyl abuse in 2000. This is higher than the 337 recorded instances in 1999. Figures from 2001 are incomplete, but at least 512 people were treated in emergency rooms in the first six months of the year. Since fentanyl is difficult to detect, these figures are believed to be lower than actual cases. 

Because of immediate and long-term problems, newborns born to women exposed to drugs during pregnancy should be identified soon after birth so that appropriate intervention and followup can be done. Methods to detect substance abuse in a pregnant woman should ideally address not only the types of drug abused, but also the amoimt, frequency, and duration of drug exposure. 

Sharp BM, McAllen K, Shahabi NA (2005) Immunofluorescence detection of anti-CD3-e-induced delta opioid receptors by murine splenic T cells. In Infectious Diseases and Substance Abuse (Friedman H, ed), pp 141-147. New York Springer. 

Detecting a healthcare professional who is a substance abuser is challenging because of a number of inherit conditions. These are ... 

The most common method used to detect substance abuse is by testing bodily fluid. The presence or level of medication in the bodily fluid indicates that the medication might be being abused. Two bodily fluids commonly tested are ... 

Why is it difficult to detect substance abuse by healthcare professionals ... 

Urine is the bodily fluid most commonly tested for substance abuse because medication can be detected for up to 1 week. 

Drugs can wipe out microorganisms that attack our body. However, some drugs can be abused resulting in an individual becoming dependent on the medication. Substance abuse is the most publicized aspect of pharmacology—and the one least understood by patients and healthcare professionals. This chapter explores drugs that are commonly abused and discusses how to detect substance abuse. 

Some would argue that detecting the impact of delaying the age of initiation of marijuana requires looking at substance abuse or dependence rates over many years since these problems may not be evidenced until later adulthood. Unfortunately, there is no way to look at these data for the 1996 8th and 10th graders since... 

There are two primary sources for the information in this section. In 1998, ONDCP supported a study by the National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine (lOM) on marijuana s potential benefits and harms. In one of the quotes from Drug Czar John Walters in an earlier section of this chapter, he refers to a result from this study. The lOM report is one source for the information reviewed here. The second source is a book titled Cannabis Use and Dependence Public Health and Public Policy (Cannabis Book). The authors are from the University of Queensland (Australia) and the RAND Corporation s Drug Policy Research Center, a well-respected organization that receives a lot of federal grant money in the substance abuse area. The Cannabis Book contains an impressive review of literature on all aspects of marij uana use, effects, and policy. In a review appearing in aprofessional journal, this book was described as ... the most comprehensive and honest attempt to improve the quality of the public policy debate on cannabis. " While it is probably not possible for any source to be completely objective, these documents seem to be very balanced and no discemable bias could be detected. 

Supervisors are the key to the success of a substance abuse policy. As the people in direct contact with employees, supervisors can detect performance problems that may indicate substance abuse. Supervisors should be trained to observe employees job performance, noting physical signs (unusual clumsiness and frequent illness), mood (extreme fluctuations in happiness and depression), more than usual absenteeism, violent reactions when things go wrong, an increased number of accidents, antisocial behavior, and frequent irritation by co-workers. 

For this reason, the initial evaluation of a patient during an episode of mania or hypomania must include a review of all prescribed medications and illicit substance use, and collection of a urine drug screen. We must bear in mind, however, that many of the newer designer drugs such as Ecstasy are not typically detected by most commercial laboratory tests for drugs of abuse. 

As shown in Table 2, cocaine concentrations are detected in almost all the studies targeting psychoactive substances or drugs of abuse in the literature, with the exception of Algiers and Serbia, where cannabinoids were found whilst cocaine was not (Tables 3 and 4). In the literature, cannabinoid concentrations are either expressed as A -tetrahydrocannbinol (THC) or as the sum of cannabinol, cannabidiol and THC (known as CBs). 

---