Submerged Applications

Hollow fibers are generally used for submerged applications, although flat sheets, and more recently, spiral wound modules have come into use in submerged systems. In general, pressurized and submerged systems compare favorably, with the submerged... 

Marine applications of wrought Ti-6A1-4V include armaments, sonar equipment, deep-submergence applications, hydrofoils, and capsules for telephone-cable repeater stations. Casting applications include water-jet inducers for hydrofoil propulsion and seawater ball valves for nuclear submarines. 

Barrier polymers are used for many packagiag and protective applications. As barriers they separate a system, such as an article of food or an electronic component, from an environment. That is, they limit the iatroduction of matter from the environment iato the system or limit the loss of matter from the system or both. In many cases the environment is simply room air, but the environment can be very different, such as ia the case of protecting a submerged system from water. 

The force exerted on a submerged planar surface of area A is given by F = p A where p is the pressure at the geometrical centroid of the surface. The center of pressure, the point of application of the net force, is always lower than the centroid. For details see, for example. Shames, where may also be found discussion of forces on curved surfaces, buoyancy, and stability of floating bodies. 

In applications, centrifugal pumps can be supplied with liquid via piping, or the pump may be submerged. Vertical pumps are called dry-pit or wet-pit types. The wet-pit pump (submerged) discharges up through a pipe system to some point above the pump. 

NACE Recommended Practice RP-02-75, Application of Organic Coatings to the External Surface of Steel Pipe for Underground Service NACE Recommended Practice RP-08-85, Extruded Polyolefin Resin Coating Systems for Underground or Submerged Pipe... 

A large membrane pack of this type will act like an artificial gill, permitting a swimmer to breathe like a fish and remain submerged for much longer periods of time than are possible with scuba equipment. Speculative fiction has man returning to live in the seas, and this type of application may make it possible. Their application in spacecraft is obvious as a part of a continuously recycled air support system. The oxygen permeability of silicone materials is just one example of the selective permeability of plastics. 

This type includes solar pans and submerged combustion units. Submerged combustion evaporators can be used for applications where contamination of the solution by the products of combustion is acceptable. 

Hancox, W. T., and W. B. Nicoll, 1971, A General Technique for the Prediction of Void Distributions in Non-Steady Two-Phase Forced Convection, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 14 1377 1394. (3) Haramura, Y., and Y. Katto, 1983, A New Hydrodynamic Model of CHF Applicable Widely to Both Pool and Forced Convection Boiling on Submerged Bodies in Saturated Liquids, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 26(3) 387 399. (2)... 

Both devices described above were developed in order to test the friability of fluid-cracking catalysts. Nowadays the application of these or similar tests is a common procedure in the development of fluidized bed catalysts. Contractor et al. (1989), for example, used a submerged-jet test to compare the attrition resistance of newly developed VPO catalysts. In fact, such tests can be applied to any type of fluidized bed processes. Sometimes they have to be slightly modified to adapt them to the process under consideration. The drilled plate may, for example, be substituted by... 

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