Artificial gills

A large membrane pack of this type will act like an artificial gill, permitting a swimmer to breathe like a fish and remain submerged for much longer periods of time than are possible with scuba equipment. Speculative fiction has man returning to live in the seas, and this type of application may make it possible. Their application in spacecraft is obvious as a part of a continuously recycled air support system. The oxygen permeability of silicone materials is just one example of the selective permeability of plastics. 

Yang MC and Cussler EL, Artificial gills, Journal of Membrane Science 1989, 42, 273-284. 

A man at rest uses 300 mL 02/min. Seawater contained 4 mL O2/L. What area of membrane is required to act as an artificial gill if water is initially saturated at 160 mmHg of O2 and can be depleted to 100 mm What volume of water must be passed over the membrane each minute to achieve this oxygen Mow to support a man under water ... 

Since the supply of the natural salt was insufficient to meet the demand for it, it was soon superseded by an artificial product. Gilles-Egide-Frangois Boulduc stated in 1731 that if all this salt on the market came from the Epsom well, the latter must consist entirely of salt without any water (116). 

Other antifeedants such as shiromodiol diacetate (50) have been isolated from Parabenzoin trilobum (syn. Lind-era, Lauraceae). These compounds are active against feeding by polyphagous and oligophagous insects at the 0.05-0.1% level in artificial diets (Mabry and Gill, 1979 Munakata, 1977). 

Albert KJ, Walt DR, Gill DS, Pearce TC (2002) Automatic decoding of sensor types within randomly ordered, high-density optical sensor arrays. Anal Bioanal Chem 373 792-802 Albert KJ, Walt DR (2003) Information coding in artificial olfaction multisensor arrays. Anal Chem 75 4161-4167... 

C. Gilles, P. Bonville, K.K.W. Wong, S. Mann, Non-Langevin behaviour of the uncompensated magnetization in nanoparticles of artificial ferritin. Eur. Phys. J. B 17, 417-427 (2000)... 

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