Subjective Motivation

An area of research in the sleep deprivation field that is closely tied in with effort to perform well is motivation. The more sleep-deprived individuals become, it seems intuitively obvious that they will be less fully committed to performing well on tasks, particularly demanding tasks (63). However, this disinclination to perform can be overcome, at least to some extent, through external sources of motivation. 

One means of encouraging motivation is to provide information about performance while completing a task, what is known as knowledge of results. Wilkinson (64) was one of the first researchers to point out the positive effect of knowledge of results on performance. More recent studies have also supported the positive effect of knowledge of results on performance in sleep deprivation 

Of interest for this chapter, however, is the ability of individuals to accurately assess their internal state of motivation during sleep deprivation conditions. Unfortunately, research in the sleep deprivation field has not yet addressed this issue. It would seem that questions assessing individuals motivation to complete a task might be related to, yet different from, their subjective assessment of effort. Future studies could be designed to investigate the relationship between sleep deprivation and motivation to complete a task and the relationship of motivation to subjective effort. 

Carskadon MA, Qrav EJ, Dement WC. Evolution of sleep and daytime sleepiness in adolescents. In Guilleminault C, Lugaresi E, eds. SleepAVake Disorders Natural History, Epidemiology, and Long-term Evolutions. New York Raven Press, 1983 201-216. 

Pilcher JJ, Ott ES. The relationships between sleep and measures of health and wellbeing in college students a repeated measures approach. Behavioral Medi 1998 23 170-178. 

---

CS-methylene dichloride solutions dropped into heated cup 20-si3 chamber grcp exposures—total body subjects motivated in groups by psychologic techniques 0.50-28.0 130 12.4 6.9... 

Again, very similar objective results, but completely different subjective motives. 

Theory, mechanism, synthesis, structure, and stereochemistry are discussed throughout the book in a quahtative to semiquantitative fashion. During the writing of this book I have always tried to anticipate the questions of a student and to challenge them to think about the subject, motivating them to understand and to reahze why, rather than just memorizing material. Chemists present chemistry... 

There has been a surge of research activity in the physical chemistry of membranes, bilayers, and vesicles. In addition to the fundamental interest in cell membranes and phospholipid bilayers, there is tremendous motivation for the design of supported membrane biosensors for medical and pharmaceutical applications (see the recent review by Sackmann [64]). This subject, in particular its biochemical aspects, is too vast for full development here we will only briefly discuss some of the more physical aspects of these systems. The reader is referred to the general references and some additional reviews [65-69]. 

An even coarser description is attempted in Ginzburg-Landau-type models. These continuum models describe the system configuration in temis of one or several, continuous order parameter fields. These fields are thought to describe the spatial variation of the composition. Similar to spin models, the amphiphilic properties are incorporated into the Flamiltonian by construction. The Flamiltonians are motivated by fiindamental synnnetry and stability criteria and offer a unified view on the general features of self-assembly. The universal, generic behaviour—tlie possible morphologies and effects of fluctuations, for instance—rather than the description of a specific material is the subject of these models. 

In the past, qualitative approaches for hazard evaluation and risk analysis have been able to satisfy the majority of decision makers needs. In the future, there will be an increasing motivation to use QRA. For the special situations that appear to demand quantitative support for safety-related decisions, QRA can be effective in increasing the manager s understanding of the level of risk associated with a company activity. Whenever possible, decision makers should design QRA studies to produce relative results that support their information requirements. QRA studies used in this way are not subject to nearly as many of the numbers problems and limitations to which absolute risk studies are subject, and the results are less likely to be misused. 

Curiosity-driven research, a term 1 prefer to fundamental or basic , involves following the trail wherever it may lead and, in Isaac Newton s words (when he was asked how he made his discoveries) by always thinking unto them. 1 keep the subject constantly before me and wait until the first dawnings open little by little into full light . The central motive, curiosity, has been rendered cynically into verse by no less a master than A.E. Housman ... 

State intervention in man s activities to protect the health of the inhabitants goes back to prehistory. The motivation may not have been altogether altruistic the king acted to protect his subjects because he regarded them as his property. Public health protection began for disease control. With industrialization, came the need for control of even more hazardous forces and substances. This extended protection became technological in accident analysis and response. Present efforts in controlling risk, such as from nuclear power, are a continuation of this development. 

Wave propagation in an inhomogeneous anisotropic material such as a fiber-reinforced composite material is a very complex subject. However, its study is motivated by many important applications such as the use of fiber-reinforced composites in reentry vehicle nosetips, heatshields, and other protective systems. Chou [6-56] gives an introduction to analysis of wave propagation in composite materials. Others have applied wave propagation theory to shell stress problems. 

Selecting the scope and location for the pilot project is important. The pilot must provide a realistic test for integration, without being unrealistically ambitious. The ideal subject for a pilot will have staff who are motivated to make integration work, yet have obvious inadequacies in their existing PSM and ESH management. 

John s contributions to the development of solid state chemistry are particularly noteworthy. Together with industrial and academic chemists interested in this subject, Corbett and others have encouraged and fostered this important area of chemistry. Likewise, in the role of teacher and advisor, John Corbett motivates and encourages young people towards a career in science. His influence on an entire generation of inorganic and soHd state chemists uniquely endears John to his many friends around the world. 

It is the hope of the editors that this book will provide our readers with an exciting collection of accounts of the latest advances, and also will provide further motivation for new research to address some of the challenging, unsolved problems of the fascinating interrelations between electron, spin, and momemtum densities, and the complex subject of chemical reactivity. 

---