Long term evolution

Fig. 3-3. Evolution of phosphate concentrations in the dilferent oceanic reservoirs. The time step for the initial adjustment is 25 years. For the long-term evolution shown in the insert, a time step of 2500 years was used.

The theory of linear differential equations indicates that long-term evolution depends on the boundary conditions and the determinant of the coefficients preceding the second spatial derivatives (which can actually be considered as effective diffusion coefficients). Such a system is likely to be highly non-linear. One extreme case, however, is particularly interesting in demonstrating how periodic patterns of precipitation can be arrived at. We assume that (i) species i diffuses very fast and dC /dp is large so that P is small and (ii) that species j is much less mobile and P is large. The... 

Studies of the long-term evolution of disposed wastes are often site specific and most studies have been of relatively brief duration, months, or at most a few years. Fine particulate wastes are subject to rapid erosion by rain and, during dry spells, transport by wind. For this reason, wastes are often ponded as slurries. Earth or clay bunds... 

Bruno, J., Casas, I., Cera, E., Swing, R. C., Finch, R. C. Werme, L. O. 1995. The assessment of the long-term evolution of the spent nuclear fuel matrix by kinetic, thermodynamic and spectroscopic studies of uranium minerals. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 353, 633-639. 

Cames, B., Saucerotte, B., Faucon, M., Rudloff, D., Gastaldi, M., Bisel, I. 2004. Long term evolution of recycled DIAMEX solvent properties under hydrolysis and radiolysis with or without solvent clean-up. ATALANTE 2004 Advances for Future Nuclear Cycles, June, Nimes, France. 

Carskadon MA, Orav EJ, Dement WC. Evolution of sleep and daytime sleepiness in adolescents. In C. Guilleminault C, Lugaresi E, eds. Sleep/Wake Disorders Natural History, Epidemiology, and Long-Term Evolution. New York Raven Press, 1983 201-216. 

The long-term evolution history (about 0.5 million years) of this basin, which is commonly referred to as the Pantikapean basin [7], consists of a series of stages that reflect the sequence of its evolution from the brackish-water basin of a Caspian type to a freshened marine basin (Black Sea type), normal marine basin (Mediterranean type), and, finally, to a strongly freshened basin (Azov type). 

In terms of long-term evolution of the TAS2R gene family, the phylogenetic analysis showed several interesting evolutionary patterns (Fig. 2). First, the TAS2R gene family evolves after the... 

Choi Y., Cohen M., Merk R., and Prialnik D. (2002) Long-term evolution of objects in the Kuiper Belt zone-effects of insolation and radiogenic heating. Icarus 160, 300-312. 

Eclogite osmium isotope compositions are indicative of long-term evolution with basaltic/picritic Re/Os. 

Many authors have proposed that the rock environment, through a series of chemical reactions, will extensively modify fluids in contact with it (Chebotarev, 1955 Collins, 1975 Edmunds et al., 1984, 1987). Early research in this area suggested that long-term evolution of subsurface saline fluids favored the formation of calcium chloride brines that are very old. However, the origin of these brines could not be determined (Krotova, 1958 Rittenhouse, 1967). 

Munoz D., Guiliano M., Doumenq P., Jacquot F., Scherrer P., and Mille G. (1997) Long term evolution of petroleum biomarkers in mangrove soil (Guadaloupe). Mar. Pollut. Bull. 34, 868-874. 

Star cluster—The targets of extensive N-body computations, these are collections of several hundred (open clusters) or several hundred thousand (globular clusters) stars held together by their mutual gravity. Much has been learned about their long-term evolution from N-body computations. 

Roses, L.L., Alonso, D., Iniguez, R, Mateos, A., Bal, M., Agiiero, X Hepatic fascioliasis of long-term evolution diagnosis by ERCP. Amer. 

TEXT BOX 3.2. Isotopic systems relevant to the long-term evolution of the Earth s mantle ... 

Using the classical methods of Celestial Mechanics, we can expand the distance A in the Hamiltonian (19) as a function of the Poincare variables, and we can calculate the so called secular system at order two in the masses (used, for instance, in Laskar 1988 in a model with 8 planets, to study the long term evolution of the solar system). In the secular system the dependency on the angles Ai, A2 (which evolve much faster than the other Poincare variables) is dropped out by simply averaging the Hamiltonian over the angles themselves. Thus, the actions Ai, A2 are first integrals for the secular system, which are replaced with their numerical values corresponding to the data for the real system Sun-Jupiter-Saturn at a fixed initial time. Therefore, we can actually expand the secular Hamiltonian as a power series in the form... 

The Newtonian gravitational force is the dominant force in the N-Body systems in the universe, as for example in a planetary system, a planet with its satellites, or a multiple stellar system. The long term evolution of the system depends on the topology of its phase space and on the existence of ordered or chaotic regions. The topology of the phase space is determined by the position and the stability character of the periodic orbits of the system (the fixed points of the Poincare map on a surface of section). Islands of stable motion exist around the stable periodic orbits, chaotic motion appears at unstable periodic orbits. This makes clear the importance of the periodic orbits in the study of the dynamics of such systems. 

If the ratio a /pe is small, a good rough idea of the long-term evolution can be obtained with these integrals and quasi-integrals and with ... 

Jorg Waldvogel (1999). Long-term evolution of coorbital motion. In B.A. Steves and A.E. Roy (eds.), The Dynamics of Small Bodies in the Solar System A Major Key to Solar System Studies, NATO ASI Series C, Plenum, 257-276. 

The tides also have important effects on the dynamics (both rotation and orbit) of Europa. Because the orbit is eccentric, tidal torques tend to drive spin to a state that is slightly faster than synchronous (Greenberg and Weidenschilling 1984). This effect in turn can increase the tidal stress on the surface substantially, although it acts on a much longer timescale ( -MO5 years) than the 3 1/2 day orbital period. The tides also effect the long-term evolution of the orbits of the satellites, so that the Laplace resonance itself probably changes over MO7 years or more. 

The backbone of the climate forecast, of course, is the operational model that links the short-term El Nino scale to the longer term. The observing system is the key challenge for testing the veracity of calculations. Carbon sources and sinks have been discussed. I believe that upper ocean observations, climate data records at the surface, and benchmark observation that establish the long-term evolution of the climate in an absolute sense constitute the centerpiece of what must be done. 

Bodeanu N., Moncheva S., Ruta G. and Popa L., 1998 - Long term evolution of the algal blooms in Romanian and Bulgarian Black Sea waters, Cercetari marine - Recherches marines, Constanta 31 77-86. 

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