Subiculum

Subiculum did not show significant differences compared to CA1. Ischemia tended to increase the BrdU+ cells, particularly in the subicular part adjacent to neighboring C A1. The proliferating cells were microglia and a few were astrocytes. Neuronal or oligodendroglial cell proliferation was not observed. 

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The hippocampus, which got its name from the Greek word for seahorse, due to its form, is a nucleus in the depth of the temporal lobe. The hippocampus is important for the integration of sensory information, for spatial orientation and for memory formation. The hippocampal formation contains the CA (cornu ammonis) regions, the dentate gyms and the subiculum. 

One final mechanism that has recently shown promise for antidepressant effects appears distinct from all of the monoamine systems. A study published in 1998 demonstrated that a substance P antagonist (MK-869) had antidepressant effects in humans (Kramer et al. 1998). Substance P is localized to many areas of the brain that are involved in emotional processing, including the amygdala, dentate gyrus, subiculum, nucleus accumbens, striatum, locus coeruleus and periaqueductal grey (Kramer... 

Substantia nigra, globus pallidus, dorsal subiculum, superior colliculi Non-selective pinodol, propanolol selective partial agonists CP-93, 129 Possible clinical use of antagonists antidepressants 5-HTj25 receptors... 

Moreover, all cells are not equally targeted in Alzheimer s disease, a disease that has discernable effects on consciousness (Perry et al., 1999). Large pyramidal cells of the frontal and temporal cortex, as well as the large pyramidal cells in CAl of hippocampus and subiculum, are the most susceptible to develop neurofibrillary tangles, to become dysfunctional and ultimately to die (Mann, 1996). It is the accumulation of abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau that disrupts the microtubular system of pyramidal cells in cortex and hippocampus both in experimental animal models and in Alzheimer s disease brain (Gong et al., 2000). 

Cypros Pharm. Corp. describes the use of polyguanidino derivatives as presynaptic N- and P/Q-type calcium channel blockers for i.v. (or i.c.v.) administration (Marangos et al. (Cypros Pharmaceutical Corp.), W09836743). Compound 5 was administered to gerbils (7.5 mg/kg i.v.) prior to bilateral carotid occlusion. After 72 h the animals were sacrificed. Brains were perfusion-fixed and sections were stained to enable quantitative cell counts of live and dead neurons. The number of damaged neurons in the subiculum was 91.5 compared to 214 for a control treated with saline. It has been claimed that this compound can be used for the treatment of neuropathic pain and for the protection of neurons from excitatory damage under conditions of cerebral hypoxia. 

Explicit memory depends upon die temporal lobe of die midbrain, an area tiiat includes the hippocampus and die nearby subiculum and entorhinal cortex.966 968-971 Implicit associative learning and memory involve die cerebellum, amygdala, and other regions.972 9723... 

Figure 4. Histamine-immunoreactive varicose nerve fibers in the subiculum of an Alzheimer brain. Modified from Panula et al z.

We then evaluated the neuronal cell loss on sections stained for the neuronal marker NeuN. Staining revealed a marked reduction of NeuN+ cells in CA1 starting from day 4 that persisted at later time-points (Fig. 4). Some patchy cell loss was seen also in CA2, CA3, and CA4 (arrows in Fig. 4), while DG and subiculum did not exhibit cell loss. Statistical analysis of the number of NeuN+ cells in frames placed in proximal, middle, and distal CA1 demonstrated a significant reduction of positive cells in all postischemic monkeys (Fig. 5, left column). Despite some reduction of... 

Fig. 4 Staining for NeuN in hippocampus sector of control, day-4, day-9, and day-44 monkeys. Note the marked reduction of positive cells in CA1 contrasting the overall normal appearance of the other sectors. Cell loss in CA4 is shown by arrows, while the SVZi adjacent to CA1 is depicted by arrowheads. Asterisks, DG S, subiculum. Scale bar= 1 mm (D)...

The hippocampal formation includes DG, the hippocampus proper including CA1 -CA4 sectors (Lorente de No 1934) and the subiculum (van Hoesen 1982). Based on previous publications on postischemic cell proliferation in the rodent brain (e.g., Liu et al. 1998 Nakatomi et al. 2002), at first we focused our attention on DG and hippocampus proper. 

Unusually high levels of dysbindin-1 are found in neuronal and neuropil components of this brain area, which consists of the dentate gyrus (DG), hippocampus proper (i.e., cornu ammonis [CA] fields 1-3]), and the subiculum ( Figures 2.2-13c—d and O 2.2-14V). As in the case of the basal ganglia, an anatomical introduction clarifies the functional implications of dysbindin-1 found in the hippocampal formation ( Figures 2.2-13-2.2-18). For a detailed review of its anatomy, see Amaral and Lavenex (2007). 

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