Studies study reports

In most publications a clear distinction is made between sorption (interaction between sorbate and pre-formed particles of the adsorbent) and coprecipitation (particles are formed in the presence of foreign species). Sometimes, however, these two phenomena are confused, e.g. in [9, 10] the terms adsorption and sorption , respectively, are used in the title of the paper, abstract, text and figure captions, although the description of the experimental procedure clearly indicates that in fact coprecipitation was studied. Studies reporting only coprecipitation were not taken into account in the literature survey. 

Electrolyte adsorption on metals is important in electrochemistry [167,168]. One study reports the adsorption of various anions an Ag, Au, Rh, and Ni electrodes using ellipsometry. Adsorbed film thicknesses now also depend on applied potential. 

D similarity search methods are quite well developed. Thus, methods which attempt to find overlapping parts (atoms and functional groups) of the molecular moieties studied were reported first [31]. As discussed above for the case of 2D searching, these methods are of combinatorial complexity. To reduce this complexity some field-based methods have been introduced. In this case, the overlap of the fields of two structures is considered as a similarity measure. 

The first quantitative studies of the nitration of quinoline, isoquinoline, and cinnoline were made by Dewar and Maitlis, who measured isomer proportions and also, by competition, the relative rates of nitration of quinoline and isoquinoline (1 24-5). Subsequently, extensive kinetic studies were reported for all three of these heterocycles and their methyl quaternary derivatives (table 10.3). The usual criteria established that over the range 77-99 % sulphuric acid at 25 °C quinoline reacts as its cation (i), and the same is true for isoquinoline in 71-84% sulphuric acid at 25 °C and 67-73 % sulphuric acid at 80 °C ( 8.2 tables 8.1, 8.3). Cinnoline reacts as the 2-cinnolinium cation (nia) in 76-83% sulphuric acid at 80 °C (see table 8.1). All of these cations are strongly deactivated. Approximate partial rate factors of /j = 9-ox io and /g = i-o X io have been estimated for isoquinolinium. The unproto-nated nitrogen atom of the 2-cinnolinium (ina) and 2-methylcinno-linium (iiiA) cations causes them to react 287 and 200 more slowly than the related 2-isoquinolinium (iia) and 2-methylisoquinolinium (iii)... 

The complete chemistry of TSP production has been studied and reported in great detail (34). As in the production of NSP there are also reactions with impurity minerals. In fact, the increasing amounts of such impurities in U.S. commercial phosphate rocks, especially those from Florida, are now reflected in somewhat lowered amounts of citrate-soluble P2O5 product. The range of constituents in commercial TSP from wet-process acid and phosphate... 

Many studies have reported a link between consumption of sunburned potatoes, ie, those exposed to the sun and having an accumulation of chlorophyll and solanine under the skin, with incidences of teratogenic effects and even death (59—61). Because sunburned potatoes in the commercial marketplace are relatively rare, and because the long-term effects of consumption of potatoes at the maximum estabUshed limits of solanine concentration are uncertain, there is equal uncertainty of the tme incidence of human toxicity (62). 

The cyanogenic glycosides, phaseolunatin [554-35-8], C qH yNO, and vicianin [155-57-7], C2C)H25N02q, have been isolated from lima beans and vetch, respectively. Several studies have reported that heating (cooking) acts to decrease the quantity of HCN Hberated by these compounds upon enzymatic hydrolysis. 

Absorption of Nitrogen Oxides. There have been numerous studies and reports on the reaction mechanisms and rate-controlling steps for the absorption of nitrogen oxides into water (43—46). The overall reaction to form nitric acid may be represented by equation 14, where Ai/298 K kJ/mol ofNO consumed. 

Y. Shimizu and co-workers, "Life Span Study Report 11, Part 1, Comparison of Risk Coefficients for Site-Specific Cancer MortaUty," Technical Report RERF-TR-12-87, Radiation Effect Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan, 1987. 

Foundry Industry Scoping Study, Report No. 86-5, Center for Metals Production, Pittsburgh, Pa., Nov. 1986. 

Other agents are also used for the treatment of manic-depressive disorders based on preliminary clinical results (177). The antiepileptic carbamazepine [298-46-4] has been reported in some clinical studies to be therapeutically beneficial in mild-to-moderate manic depression. Carbamazepine treatment is used especially in bipolar patients intolerant to lithium or nonresponders. A majority of Hthium-resistant, rapidly cycling manic-depressive patients were reported in one study to improve on carbamazepine (178). Carbamazepine blocks noradrenaline reuptake and inhibits noradrenaline exocytosis. The main adverse events are those found commonly with antiepileptics, ie, vigilance problems, nystagmus, ataxia, and anemia, in addition to nausea, diarrhea, or constipation. Carbamazepine can be used in combination with lithium. Several clinical studies report that the calcium channel blocker verapamil [52-53-9] registered for angina pectoris and supraventricular arrhythmias, may also be effective in the treatment of acute mania. Its use as a mood stabilizer may be unrelated to its calcium-blocking properties. Verapamil also decreases the activity of several neurotransmitters. Severe manic depression is often treated with antipsychotics or benzodiazepine anxiolytics. 

Another challenge to the toxicologists is the existence of significant toxicological differences between adults, and infants and children. A comprehensive study report (127) reveals some of the differences. 

Msphalt Hot-Mix Emission Study, Research Report RR-75-1, The Asphalt Institute, CoUege Park, Md., 1975. 

Several studies have reported relatively high levels of PCBs in the semm or adipose tissues of occupationally-exposed individuals, eg, >3000 ppb in the semm (57,58). Not surprisingly, after these exposures were terminated, the PCB semm concentrations tended to decrease (59—61). 

A relatively small number of studies have reported on the effects of cumene on plants, fish, and other organisms. Studies of the effects of cumene on fresh and saltwater fish indicate the lowest reported toxic concentration (LC q) for fishes was 20 to 30 mg/L (18). The solubiUty of cumene is about 50 mg/L (19). Among invertebrates, the lowest reported concentration that was toxic to test organisms was 0.012 mg/L after 18 hours (20). The only available data on the effect of cumene on aquatic plants indicate that the photosynthesis of several species was inhibited at concentrations from 9 to 21 mg/L (19). 

R. W. Hend, D. G. Clark, and A. D. Coombs, Toxicity of Purified DigficidjlEtherofBisphenolA Results ofPreliminaj Studies, SheU Report TLGR.0010.77, SheU Chemical Corp., Houston, Tex., 1977. 

During World War II, production of butadiene (qv) from ethanol was of great importance. About 60% of the butadiene produced in the United States during that time was obtained by a two-step process utilizing a 3 1 mixture of ethanol and acetaldehyde at atmospheric pressure and a catalyst of tantalum oxide and siHca gel at 325—350°C (393—397). Extensive catalytic studies were reported (398—401) including a fluidized process (402). However, because of later developments in the manufacture of butadiene by the dehydrogenation of butane and butenes, and by naphtha cracking, the use of ethanol as a raw material for this purpose has all but disappeared. 

From studies reported in the references in Table 5 (Section 4.04.1.3.1) the dihedral angle between a phenyl and a pyrazole ring in the crystalline state, falls between 4° and 22° when the phenyl group is in the 3- or 4-position. The planar conformation of C-formylpyrazoles (57) and the resonance interaction between them (87) has already been discussed in connection with H NMR (Section 4.04.1.3.3(i)) and IR studies (Section 4.04.1.3.7(iii)). 

Heat-transfer aspects and performance were studied and reported on by Depew and Farbar (ASME Pap. 62-HT-14, September 1962). Heat-transfer coefficient characteristics are similar to those shown in Sec. 11 for the indirectly heated fluid bed. Another frequent application on plastics is a sm, rather incidental but necessary amount of drying required for plastic pellets and powders on receipt when shipped in bulk to the users. Pneumatic conveyors modifiea for heat transfer can handle this readily. 

The Royal Society, The Nitrogen Cycle of the United Kingdom A Study Group Report, The Royal Society, London, 1983. 

Severe Chemicals for which toxicological studies report tearing of... 

Tests according to Bhasin s recommended experiments were executed at the laboratory of Berty Reaction Engineers, Ltd. on a test unit built for an export order. (The test unit was shown in Figure 4.4.1.) Results of this study were reported by Berty et al, (1989) and are reproduced here in the table on Figure 5.1.2. 

As with resoles, the central issue in design of novolacs is molecular weight. The effects of formaldehyde-to-phenol molar ratio and formaldehyde conversion on molecular weight of novolacs has been well studied and reported [192,193]. The effects of molecular weight on most of the important properties are also available [193]. These include Tg, melt viscosity, gel time, hot-plate flow, glass-plate flow. 

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