Structures and microstructures

Atomic structure and Microstructural analysis of solid materials, providing high lateral resolution... 

Carbone, C., Di Benedetto, F., Marescotti, P., Martinelu, A., Sangregorio, C., Cipriani, C., Lucchetti, G., Romanelli, M. 2005. Genetic evolution of nanocrystalline Fe oxide and oxyhydroxide assemblages from the Libiola Mine (eastern Liguria, Italy) structural and microstructural investigations. European Journal of Mineralogy, 17, 785-795. 

M. -Trung Tran, N. S. Gnep, G. Szabo, and M. Guisnet, Influence of the calcination temperature on the acidic and catalytic properties of sulphated zirconia, Appl. Catal. A 171, 207-217 (1998). P. Canton, R. Olindo, F. Pinna, G. Strukul, P. Rieflo, M. Meneghetti, G. Cerrato, C. Morterra, and A. Benedetti, Alumina-promoted sulfated zirconia system Structure and microstructure characterization, Chem. Mater. 13, 1634-1641 (2001). 

Electron diffraction has a main advantage with respect to the other diffraction techniques it can be performed at a microscopic and nanoscopic scales in correlation with the image of the diffracted area. The various types of electron diffraction pattern have many applications both in the fields of structure and microstructure characterizations. 

Fluorine is an essential element involved in several enzymatic reactions in various organs, it is present as a trace element in bone mineral, dentine and tooth enamel and is considered as one of the most efficient elements for the prophylaxis and treatment of dental caries. In addition to their direct effect on cell biology, fluoride ions can also modify the physico-chemical properties of materials (solubility, structure and microstructure, surface properties), resulting in indirect biological effects. The biological and physico-chemical roles of fluoride ions are the main reasons for their incorporation in biomaterials, with a pre-eminence for the biological role and often both in conjunction. This chapter focuses on fluoridated bioceramics and related materials, including cements. The specific role of fluorinated polymers and molecules will not be reviewed here. 

Doremus, R. H. 2001. Hydroxylapatite with substituted magnesium, zinc, cadmium, and yttrium. I. Structure and microstructure. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 59, 305-311. 

There is an extensive literature on the gross structure and microstructure of feldspars and the methods for determining them. Three of the most recent comprehensive treatments at review level are found in references (14) and (15) and in the classic, "Feldspar Minerals", by J.V. Smith (16), now in its second edition. Optical methods, X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction are all so well-established that it hardly seems necessary to do more than give a brief reminder of their particular characteristics. 

Barium titanate, the first ceramic material in which ferroelectric behaviour was observed, is the ideal model for a discussion of the phenomenon from the point of view of crystal structure and microstructure see also [10] and [11]. 

The sintered pellets were exposed to H2 at 750°C for 5 h, followed by XRD measurement and SEM observation to examine whether there is any change on both phase structure and microstructure after heat treatment in a strong reducing atmosphere. 

Drury, M. R., Hoogerduyn Stratung, E. H., Vissers, R. L. M. (1990). Shear zone structures and microstructures in mantle peridotites from the Voltri Massif, Ligurian Alps, N.W. Italy. Geologie en Mynbouw., 69, 3-17. 

Florke, O.W., Graetsch, B., Martin, B., Roller, K. Wirth, R. (1991) Nomenclature of micro- and non-crystalline silica minerals, based on structure and microstructure. Neues Jahrbuch filr Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 163 19-42. 

All in all, the WPPM approach can provide a simultaneous structure and microstructure refinement, based on physical models of the phases under study, without using any arbitrary profile function. Considering the terms of Equation (26), refinement parameters to be optimized in a least-squares analysis are relatively few, namely, mean (p) and variance (cr) of a suitable distribution of coherent domain sizes, dislocation density (p), effective outer cut-off radius (R ) and character (/e, effective fraction of edge dislocations), twin fault (P), deformation fault (a) and APB (y) probabilities. 

The assembly of polypyrroles (PPy s) is an intricate process and determines the molecular structure and microstructure of the polymer obtained. This in turn influences the chemical, electrical, and mechanical properties of the material. It is impossible to optimize a single property of materials such as polypyrrole (PPy) in isolation. The chemical, electrical, and mechanical properties are inextricably linked. 

The effects of block structure and microstructure and the overall effect of hydrogenation in the low styrene containing polymers are illustrated in Table IV. The data show that the unhydrogenated SB... 

Kley, D., J.W. Drummond, and A.L. Schmeltekopf, On the structure and microstructure of stratospheric water vapor, in Atmospheric Water Vapor. A. Deepak, T.D. Wilkerson, and L.H. Ruhnke, eds., Academic Press, 315, 1980. 

Ion exchange membranes are classified in various ways based on their functions materials constituting the membranes structure and microstructure of the membranes, etc. However, classification based on the function is clear because the function of the ion exchange membrane is determined by the species and charge of the ion-exchange groups fixed in the membranes, positive and/or negative, and their distribution in the membrane. 

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has researched the stated objectives by investigating sputter-deposition (SD) of designed anode and cathode nanostructures of Pt-alloys, and electronic structures and microstructures of sputter-deposited catalyst layers. JPL has used the information derived from these investigations to develop novel catalysts and membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) that... 

From an economic viewpoint, the classical determination of alloy phase diagrams is a laborious process, involving alloy preparation and heat treatment, compositional, structural, and microstructural analysis (and, even then, not yielding reliable phase boundary information at low temperatures due to kinetic limitations). While this investment is justified for alloys of major technical importance, the need for better economics has driven an effort to use alternative methods of phase discovery such as multiple source, gradient vapor deposition or sputter deposition followed by automated analysis alternatively, multicomponent diffusion couples are used to map binary or ternary alloy systems structurally and by properties (see Section 6). These techniques have been known for decades, but they have been reintroduced more recently as high-efficiency methodologies to create compositional libraries by a combinatorial approach, inspired perhaps by the recent, general introduction of combinatorial methods in chemistry. 

In this section, polymers will be discussed largely from a structural and microstructural point of view. Several typical and differing polymers are used as examples polyethylene (polythene), nylon and epoxy resins. In addition, elastomers are described, as they differ in a fundamental way from other materials. 

The behaviour of polymers under stress is very variable and depends on the polymer structure and microstructure. Thermoplastic polymers are brittle at low temperatures and are easily deformed and... 

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