Stroke epidemiological

Tight control of diabetes, with reduction of HbAic from 9.1% to 7%, was shown to reduce the risk of microvascular complications overall compared with that achieved with conventional therapy (mostly diet alone, which decreased HbAic to 7.9%). Cardiovascular complications were not noted for any particular therapy metformin treatment alone reduced the risk of macrovascular disease (myocardial infarction, stroke). Epidemiologic analysis of the study suggested that every 1% decrease in the Aic achieved an estimated risk reduction of 37% for microvascular complications, 21% for any diabetes-related endpoint and death related to diabetes, and 14% for myocardial infarction. 

Epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology and causes of transient ischemic attacks and stroke Epidemiology... 

F. M Yatsu, Stroke Epidemiological, Therapeutic and Socio-Economic Aspects, Royal Society of Medicine, London, 1986, pp. 73-79. 

Among the public health programs aided by knowledge resulting from epidemiologic investigations are those directed at the prevention and control of conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and stroke. Epidemiologic methods are also essential to the evaluation of the efficacy of new prevention and therapeutic measures and any possible harmful side effects they may have. 

Feigin VL, Lawes CM, Bennett DA, Anderson CS (2003) Stroke epidemiology a review of population-based studies of incidence, prevalence, and case-fatahty in the late 20th century. Lancet Neurol 2 43-53... 

Sacco SE, Whisnant JP, Broderick JP, Phillips SJ, O Eallon WM. Epidemiological characteristics of lacunar infarcts on a population. Stroke 1991 22(10) 1236-1241. 

Lacy CR, Suh DC, Bueno M, Kostis JB. Delay in presentation and evaluation for acute stroke Stroke Time Registry for Outcomes Knowledge and Epidemiology (S.T.R.O.K.E.). Stroke 2001 32 63-69. 

Carotenoids and cardiovascular diseases — Numerous epidemiological studies aimed to study the relationship of carotenoids and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) including coronary accident risk and stroke. It appeared then that observational studies, namely prospective and case-control studies, pointed to a protective effect of carotenoids on myocardial infarct and stroke, but also on some atherosclerosis markers such as intima media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery (CCA) and atheromatous plaque formation. 

Epidemiological data on carotenoids and cerebral infarcts or strokes indicate a protective effect of P-carotene and lycopene. Indeed, the Basel prospective study, the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor study, and the Physicians Health Study " have shown an inverse correlation between carotenoid plasma level and risk of stroke. In the same way, Hirvonen et al. demonstrated, in findings from the ATBC cancer prevention stndy, an inverse association between P-carotene dietary intake and stroke. However, clinical data on carotenoids and stroke are nonexistent and they are needed to confirm this possible protective effect of carotenoids on stroke. 

The prevalence of neuropathic pain is unknown because of the lack of epidemiologic studies. Current estimates suggest that approximately 1.5% of the population in the United States may be affected by neuropathic pain.7 However, this figure is probably an underestimate and will likely increase due to the increase in disorders associated with neuropathic pain in the ever-growing older population. Approximately 25% to 50% of all pain clinic visits are related to neuropathic pain.8 Central neuropathic pain is estimated to occur in 2% to 8% of all stroke patients.9... 

Epidemiological data concerning the protective effect of ATi-blocker treatment on the sequelae of hypertensive disease (coronary heart disease, stroke, renal disease) are so far not available, but appropriate trials addressing this question are on the way. 

Previous randomized controlled trials of diuretic- or -blocker-based regimens, involving a total of about 47,000 patients with hypertension, have collectively demonstrated that, over an average of about 5 years, such treatment produced much of the epidemiologi-cally expected benefit of the achieved BP reductions. A net reduction of 5-6 mmHg in usual DBP was associated with a 38% reduction in stroke risk and a 16% reduction in coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, with similar effects on fatal and non-fatal events. 

In a epidemiological study of Japanese women, a history of stroke was less common among those who drank more green tea. There was no statistically significant reduction in blood pressure alone among those women who drank more tea [206]. 

ABSTRACT Several epidemiological studies have found an inverse correlation between the dietary flavonoid intake and a reduced mortality from coronary heart disease and the incidence of stroke. We will focus our review on several mechanisms which have been suggested to explain these protective effects. 

Table 1. Summary of epidemiological prospective studies on flavonoid intake and coronary heart disease (CHD), myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke risk. 

The interest in dietary flavonoids has grown in the last 15 years after the publication of the study of Hertog et al. [1993] showing an inverse correlation between dietary consumption of flavonols and flavones and reduced incidence and mortality from ischemic heart disease. Most prospective epidemiological studies carried out have found a similar relationship regarding ischemic heart disease while a possible inverse relationship with stroke is less clear [Hertog et al., 1997 Knekt et al., 1996 Rimm et al., 1996 Yochum et al., 1999 Hirvonen et al., 2001 Arai et al., 2000 Mursu et al., 2008], The meta-analysis... 

Mouse models are critical for the discovery and development of novel therapeutics however, research has been minimally successful in decreasing the age-adjusted death rate for cancer. In 2003, for the first time since 1930, when epidemiological records were initiated, fewer people (<85 years old) died of cardiac disease as compared to cancer (1). This historic change was due to a 60%, 70%, and 0% decrease in mortality by heart disease, stroke and cancer, respectively. Tumor initiation, progression and metastasis, in contrast, represent a complex, multifactorial process that... 

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