Striatum acetylcholine

Mogg, A. J., Whiteaker, P, McIntosh, J.M., Marks, M., Collins, A.C., Wonnacott, S. Methyllycaconitine is a potent antagonist of alpha-conotoxin-MII-sensitive presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat striatum. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Then 302 197, 2002. 

Grady, S.R., Meinerz, N.M., Cao, J. et al. Nicotinic agonists stimulate acetylcholine release from mouse interpeduncular nucleus a function mediated by a different nAChR than dopamine release from striatum. J. Neurochem. 76 258, 2001. 

A particular interest for clinical applications was a possibility for detection of dopamine by its oxidation on nickel [19], cobalt [65], and osmium [66] hexacyanofer-ates. Except for oxidation of dopamine, cobalt and osmium hexacyanoferrates were active in oxidation of epinephrine and norepinephrine. For clinical analysis it is also important to carry out the detection of morphine on cobalt [67] and ferric [68] hexacyanoferrates, as well as the detection of oxidizable amino acids (cystein, methionine) by manganous [69] and ruthenium [70] hexacyanoferrate-modified electrodes. In general, oxidation of thiols was first shown for Prussian blue [71] and nickel hexacyanoferrate [72], This approach has been used for the detection of thiols in rat striatum microdialysate [73], Alternatively, the detection of thiocholine with Prussian blue was employed for pesticide determination in acetylcholine-esterase test [74],... 

Acetylcholine. Most of the acetylcholine in the basal ganglia is found in the striatum, as the neurotransmitter of the large spiny interneurons, which account for about 3% of all striatal neurons. Both muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors are found in the striatum. Postsynaptic muscarinic receptors may inhibit transmitter release from... 

Revuelta, A. V., Moroni, F., Cheney, D. L., and Costa, E. (1978) Effect of cannabinoids on the turnover rate of acetylcholine in rat hippocampus, striatum and cortex. Naunyn Schmie-debergs Arch. Pharmacol., 304 107-110. 

The effect of allethrin (a Type I pyrethroid), cyhalothrin, and deltamethrin (Type II pyrethroids) on neurotransmitter release from the hippocampus (acetylcholine, glutamate, and GABA release) and striatum (dopamine release) has recently been investigated using ex vivo microdialysis in freely moving rats exhibiting the symptoms of pyrethroid poisoning [94-97]. Deltamethrin increased the release... 

Areca may interact adversely with antipsychotic medications (Deahl 1989). Two cases have been reported of schizophrenic patients who were taking neuroleptics and developed severe extrapyramidal symptoms after areca chewing. Given the functional antagonism between dopamine and acetylcholine in the striatum, it is likely that arecoline amplified the dyskinetic effect of neuroleptic medications. 

Opioids dose-dependently reduce the release of acetylcholine in several brain areas, including the hippocampus, striatum, and cerebral cortex... 

Lapchak PA, Araujo DM, Collier B. (1989). Regulation of endogenous acetylcholine release from mammalian brain slices by opiate receptors hippocampus, striatum, and cerebral cortex of guinea-pig and rat. Neuroscience. 31(2) 313-25. 

Anderson JJ, Chase TN, Engber TM. 1993. Substance P increases release of acetylcholine in the dorsal striatum of freely moving rats. Brain Res 623(2) 189-194. 

Imperato A, Ramacci MT, Angelucci L. 1989. Acetyl-L-cami-tine enhances acetylcholine release in the striatum and hippocampus of awake freely moving rats. Neurosci Lett 107(1-3) 251-255. 

Taber M, Fibiger H. 1994. Cortical regulation of acetylcholine release in rat striatum. Brain Research 639(2) 354-356. 

Pich EM, Paghusi SR, Tessari M, Talabot-Ayer D, Hooft v H, Chiamulera C (1997) Common neural substrates for the addictive properties of nicotine and cocaine. Science 275 83-86 PidopUchko VI, DeBiasi M, Williams JT, Dani JA (1997) Nicotine Activates and Desensitizes Midbrain Dopamine Neurons. Nature 390 401 04 PietUa K, Ahtee L (2000) Chronic nicotine administration in the drinking water affects the striatal dopamine in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 66 95-103 Puttfarcken PS, Jacobs I, Faltynek CR (2000) Characterization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated [ H]-dopamine release from rat cortex and striatum. Neuropharmacology 39 2673-2680... 

In contrast to acetylcholine, dopamine has both excitatory (Dl) and inhibitory (D2 and D3) receptors. Dopaminergic neurons occur in two closely connected groups AlO—ventral tegmental area (VTA), and A9—substantia nigra, pars compacta (Fig. 3). While substantia nigra neurons project to the striatum, VTA... 

Dopamine is a catecholamine (see Chapter 10 and Fig. 31.2) whose actions are mediated by dopamine receptors that are classified as Dj-like (Dj, D5) or D2-like (D2, D3, D4). Dopamine actions on Dj receptors exert an excitatory effect, whereas the actions of dopamine on D2 receptors inhibit neuronal activity. The loss of striatal dopamine produces an imbalance in information processing in the neostriatum that modifies transmission in other basal ganglia regions. Also important in neural transmission are the striatal interneurons that are found within the confines of the striatum, that use the excitatory neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and that modulate the activity of striatal output neurons. 

Mechanism of Action Aweakanticholinergicthat exhibits competitive antagonism of acetylcholine at cholinergic receptors in the corpus striatum, which restores balance. Therapeutic Effect Antiparkinson activity... 

Rapin et al. [11] have reported an increase of the acetylcholine synthesis rate constant evaluated by a bolus injection of [3H]choline in the hippocampus of 4-month-old rats after acute administration of EGb (100 mg/kg Lp.). Similar results were obtained in the frontal cortex, hippocampus and corpus striatum after chronic treatment with EGb (100 mg/kg/day p.o. for 21 days). On the other hand, the acetylcholine turnover rate was not modified by either acute or chronic administration of EGb. These results indicate that EGb might increase acetylcholine release. 

Fig. 1. Occurrence of H3 receptors inhibiting release of acetylcholine, of amino acid and monoamine neurotransmitters in the mammalian CNS in vitro. The schematic drawing represents a midsagittal section of the human brain three areas with a more lateral position are shown by broken line (substantia nigra and part of the hippocampus and of the striatum). For each of the six regions of the CNS (subregions given in brackets), in which H3 heteroreceptors have been identified, the neurotransmitter(s) and the species are indicated. The superscripts refer to the numbers of the papers as listed under References. Own unpublished data suggest that an H3 receptor-mediated inhibition of noradrenaline release also occurs in the human cerebral cortex and hippocampus and in the guinea-pig cerebral cortex. Note that a presynaptic location has not been verified for each of the H3 heteroreceptors or has been even excluded (for details, see Table 1). Abbreviations ACh, acetylcholine DA, dopamine GABA, y-aminobutyric acid Glu, glutamate 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine, serotonin NA, noradrenaline...

Prast H, Fischer H, Tran MH, Grass K, Lamberti C, Philippu A (1997) Modulation of acetylcholine release in the ventral striatum by histamine receptors. Inflamm Res 46 (Suppl 1) S37-S38. 

The heterogeneity of dopaminergic neurons may also be judged by the fact that the cotransmitter systems involving dopamine and peptides are varied in the central nervous system. For example, in the corpus striatum, in addition to dopamine, acetylcholine, y-aminobutyric acid, serotonin, glutamate, and aspartate, one also finds peptides such as enkephalin, substance P, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, cholecystokinin, neurotensin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide. Although many neuroleptics block dopamine receptors, they may have selective effects on the peptides and other parts of the brain. A few examples will be cited. 

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