Stress fatty acid supplementation

Mills DE, Prakachin KM, Harvey KA, and Ward RP. (1989). Dietary fatty acid supplementation alters stress reactivity and performance in man. J. Hum. Hyperten. 3, 111. 

Rouseau D, Moreau D, Raederstorff D, Sergiel, J.P, Muggli R, Grynberg A. Is a dietary n-3 fatty acid supplement able to influence the cardiac effect of the psychological stress Mol Cell Biochem 1998 178 353-366. 

Cachexia is a complex interaction between inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress and growth factors that govern skeletal muscle fiber degeneration, apoptosis, and regeneration (35). Current interest is on fatty acid modulation, since fatty acid composition of inflammatory and immune cells is sensitive to change according to the fatty acid diet intake. Fish oil (containing n-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids) supplementation has beneficial effects on the systemic inflammatory responses (36). The role of such supplements in the ventilated patient with chronic respiratory failure remains to be clarified. 

The reaction catalyzed by delta-6-desaturase enzyme is the slowest reaction in the metabolic pathway of LA and is considered as a rate-limiting step (4, 5). Activity of this enzyme further decreases with age and in people suffering from various diseases, including arthritis, diabetes, hypertension, eczema, psoriasis, and so on. Lifestyle factors like stress, smoking, excessive consumption of alcohol, linoleic acid (6), saturated and trans-fatty acids and nutritional deficiencies of Vitamin B6, zinc (7), and magnesium inhibit this desaturase. As a result of limitations in in vivo production of GLA, supplementation with preformed GLA is becoming important. This has led to interest in development and commercialization of the sources of GLA. 

Riserus, U., Basu, S., Jovinge, S., Fredrikson, G.N., Aralov, J., and Vessby, B. 2002. Supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-dependent oxidative stress and elevated C-reactive protein A potential link to fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. Circulation 106, 1925-1929. Rossetti, R.G., Seiler, C.M., DeLuca, P., Laposata, M., and Zurier, R.B. 1997. Oral administration of unsaturated fatty acids Effects on human peripheral blood T lymphocyte proliferation. J. Leukoc. Biol 62, 438-443. 

Omega-3 PUFAs are essential unsaturated fatty acids obtained from food sources or from supplements. Amongst nutritionally important polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids, a-linolcnic acid (ALA), eicosapentae-noic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are highly concentrated in the brain and have antioxidative stress, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects. The exposure to n-3 fatty acids enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis associated with cognitive and behavioral processes, promotes synaptic plasticity by increasing longterm potentiation, and modulates synaptic protein expression to stimulate the dendritic arborization and new spine formation [496]. 

Metabolic stress Supplemented with glutamine, arginine, nucleotides, and/or omega-3 fatty acids Impact varieties (No), Perative (R), Crucial (N), AlitraQ (R)... 

Although increased levels of lipid peroxidation endproducts are found in most human diseases, the occurrence of lipid peroxidation does not always imply a state of disease. For example, increased levels of lipid peroxidation also occur in fasting human subjects, by the breakdown of fat (65). A certain level of lipid peroxidation may actually be expected after exposure to CIA, as most polyunsaturated fatty acids are more susceptible to the attack of oxygen radicals than monounsaturated fatty acids or saturated fatty acids (66). For example, supplementation with fish oil significantly increased plasma lipid peroxides in women (67, 68). Work by Banni et al. showed that CLA does not behave differently under oxidative stress than regular polyunsaturated fatty acids (51). The control oil used in the studies by Riserus et al. (35) and Basu et al. (64) was olive oil, which contains high levels of the monounsaturated acid oleic acid and has been shown to work as an anti-oxidant (69). 

Riserus, U, Basu, S, Jovinge, S, Fredrikson, GN, Amlov, J and Vessby, B (2002) Supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-dependent oxidative stress and elevated C-reactive protein. A potential link to fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. 0 Circulation, 106, 1925-1929. 

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