Acid stressing

We turn now to the biosynthesis of lipid structures. We begin with a discussion of the biosynthesis of fatty acids, stressing the basic pathways, additional means of elongation, mechanisms for the introduction of double bonds, and regulation of fatty acid synthesis. Sections then follow on the biosynthesis of glyc-erophospholipids, sphingolipids, eicosanoids, and cholesterol. The transport of lipids through the body in lipoprotein complexes is described, and the chapter closes with discussions of the biosynthesis of bile salts and steroid hormones. 

Stokes, P.M., S.I. Dreier, N.V. Farkas, and R.A.N. McLean. 1981. Bioaccumulation of mercury by attached algae in acid stressed lakes, Canad. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1151 136-148. 

It is considered that A. oryzae tyrosinase forms the inactive tetrameric conformation to regulate the activity. A. oryzae produces many kinds of secondary metabolites, organic acid, kojic acid, and citrate, etc. [163], When a cell is injured, protyrosinase is activated by extracellular acidic environment to produce melanin, which defends the interior of the cell against the acidic environment. It is considered that the acid activation is an instantaneous response to an acid stress. The acid activation is a quite unique mechanism, in which the... 

The retro-Claisen product 12 is further converted into acetic acid which together with 13 exerts acid stress what results in an increased energy demand in order to excrete protons from the cell and in this way concomitantly affects NADH and ATP concentration in the cell [65]. 

Einhellig, F. A. and Eckrich, P. C. 1984. Interactions of temperature and ferulic acid stress on grain sorghum and soybeans. J. Chem. Ecol. 10, 161-170... 

It has been suggested by Podesta et al. (650) that ambient C02 levels determine the amount of succinate and lactate excreted by intestinal helminths. A summary of the events which they propose lead to succinate accumulation in H. diminuta is provided in Fig. 5.7. There is considerable release of C02 in the post-prandial intestine of the rat host as the acidic chyme is passed into the duodenum and there is an acidification of worm tissues as the C02 diffuses in. The acidification is countered by worm secretion of H+ and by mobilisation of Ca2 + from the calcareous corpuscles (Chapter 4), thus releasing carbonate. The increased osmolality and greater HC03 concentration activate PEPCK, which favours succinate production over lactate. Succinate, being a dicarboxylic acid, is twice as effective as lactate in metabolic disposal of H+. With a decrease in passage of stomach chyme into the intestine, there would be a decrease in acid stress on the worms, accompanied by a concomitant decrease in tissue HC03 concentrations and osmolality, which would favour lactate production. 

Bearson, B., Wilson, L., Foster, J. A low pH-inducible, PhoPQ-dependent acid tolerance response protects Salmonella typhimurium against inorganic acid stress. J Bacteriol 180 (1998) 2409-2417. 

De Angelis, M., Bini, L., Pallini, V., Cocconcelli, PS., and Gobbetti, M. 2001. The acid-stress response in Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis CB1. Microbiology, 147, 1863-1873. 

NACE Standard RP0170, Protection of Austenitic Stainless Steel from Polythionic Acid Stress Corrosion Cracking During Shutdown of Refinery Equipment," NACE, Houston, TX, latest revision. 

Kawada H, Srivastava VK (2001) The effect of an acidic stress environment on the stress-intensity factor for GRP laminates. Compos Sci Technol 61(8) 1109—1114... 

The exhalation of pentane arising from the catabolism of the products of peroxidation of co6 polyunsaturated fatty acids or ethane arising from co3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Intravenous infusion of a lipid mixmre rich in linoleic acid stresses antioxidant capacity and results in increased... 

Kerry A, Welboum PM, Prucha B, et al. 1991. Mercury methylation by sulphate-reducing bacteria from sediments of an acid stressed lake. Water Air Soil Pollut 56 565-575. 

Imbalance in soil minerals, salinity, and acidity stress... 

Research shows that breathing deeply for even 30 seconds has a substantial effect on acidic stress hormones and, when practiced over time, can have a profound healing effect on mood, energy levels, and cardiovascular and respiratory... 

Leivestad, H. (1982) Physiological effects from acid stress on fish. Proceedings of International Symposium on Acid Rain and Fisheries, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, pp. 157-164. 

Bauer, B.E., Rossington, D., Mollapour, M., Mamnun, Y., Kuchler, K., and Piper, P.W. 2003. Weak organic acid stress inhibits aromatic amino acid uptake by yeast, causing a strong influence of amino acid auxotrophies on the phenotypes of membrane transporter mutants. European Journal of Biochemistry 270 3189-3195. 

Lawrence, C.L., Botting, C.H., Antobus, R., and Coote, P.J. 2004. Evidence of a new role for the high-osmolarity glycerol mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in yeast Regulating adaptation to citric acid stress. Molecular and Cellular Biology 24 3307-3323. 

Price-Carter, M., Fazzio, T.G., Vallbona, E.I., and Roth, J.R. 2005. Polyphosphate kinase protects Salmonella enterica from weak organic acid stress. Journal of Bacteriology 187 3088-3099. 

It is constantly found that microorganisms can often be induced to become resistant when exposed to sublethal concentrations of an antimicrobial or preservative. For example, S. cerevisiae can be induced to adapt to weak-acid stress by addition of 0.5-2.5 mM sorbate or benzoate. The... 

Bearson, S., Bearson, B., and Foster, J.W. 1997. Acid stress responses in enterobacteria. FEMS Microbiology Letters 147 173-180. 

De Nobel, H., Lawrie, L., Brul, S., et al. 2001. Parallel and comparative analysis of the proteome and transcriptome of sorbic acid stressed Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 18 1413-1428. 

Schuller, C., Mamnun, Y.M., Mollapour, M., et al. 2004. Global phenotypic analysis and transcriptional profiling defines the weak acid stress response regulon in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Molecular Biology of the Cell 15 706-720. 

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