Stress animal models

V6. Villar, J., Edelson, J. D., Post, M., Mullen, J. B. M., and Slutsky, A. S., Induction of heat stress proteins is associated with decreased mortality in an animal model of acute lung injury. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 147, 177-181 (1993). 

As in the case of other cardiovascular diseases, the possibility of antioxidant treatment of diabetes mellitus has been studied in both animal models and diabetic patients. The treatment of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with a-lipoic acid reduced superoxide production by aorta and superoxide and peroxynitrite formation by arterioles providing circulation to the region of the sciatic nerve, suppressed lipid peroxidation in serum, and improved lens glutathione level [131]. In contrast, hydroxyethyl starch desferrioxamine had no effect on the markers of oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Lipoic acid also suppressed hyperglycemia and mitochondrial superoxide generation in hearts of glucose-treated rats [132],... 

Weiss, I. M. and Simson, P. E. Neurochemical and electro-physiological events underlying stress-induced depression in an animal model Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 245 425-440, 1988. 

The best evidences are studies from preclinical animal models [86, 87, 105], or knockout animals lacking appropriate anti-oxidative pathways [106]. For example, Balb/c mice administered a variety of anti-oxidants in their chow were protected from acetaminophen hepatotoxicity [107]. Rats fed with the anti-oxidant melatonin were protected from cholesterol mediated oxidative liver damage [108]. The best clinical evidence that oxidative stress is a key player in a variety of liver injury diseases is the beneficial application of silymarin in these disease indications [109]. Silymarin is a polyphenolic plant fiavonoid (a mixture of flavonoid isomers such as silibinin, isosilibinin, silidianin and silichristin) derived from Silymarin maria-num that has antioxidative, antilipid peroxidative, antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects [109, 110]. 

Xu L, Anwyl R, Rowan MJ (1998) Spatial exploration induces a persistent reversal of longterm potentiation in rat hippocampus [see comments]. Nature 394 891-894 Yehuda R, Antelman SM (1993) Criteria for rationally evaluating animal models of post-traumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 33 479-486... 

Liebsch G, Linthorst ACE, Neumann ID, Reul JMHM, Holsboer F, Landgraf R (1998) Behavioral, physiological, and neuroendocrine stress responses and differential sensitivity to diazepam in two Wistar rat lines selectively bred for high and low anxiety-related behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 19 381-396 Lister RG (1990) Ethologically based animal models of anxiety disorders. Pharmacol Ther 46 321-340... 

West PA (1990) Neimobehavioral studies of forced swimming. The role of learning and memory in the forced swim test ProgNeimopsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 14 863-875 WUlner P (1997) Validity, reliability and utility of the chronic mild stress model of depression a 10-year review and evaluation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 134 319-329 WUlner P, Muscat R, Papp M (1992) Chronic mUd stress-induced anhedonia a realistic animal model of depression. Neimosci Biobehav Rev 16 525-534 WUson JH (2000) A conspecific attenuates prolactin responses to open-field exposure in rats. Horm Behav 38 39-43... 

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