Streptococcus zooepidemicus

Some members of a community that were exposed to trichloroethylene along with a variety of other solvents in their drinking water complained of respiratory disorders, but the complaints could not be attributed specifically to trichloroethylene (Byers et al. 1988). This effect may have been due to immune system impairment resulting in increased susceptibility to infection. A study in mice in which inhalation exposure to trichloroethylene increased the susceptibility to pulmonary infection with Streptococcus zooepidemicus (Aranyi et al. 1986) provides evidence that trichloroethylene may result in adverse respiratory effects through effects on the immune system. 

An increased susceptibility to Streptococcus zooepidemicus aerosol was not observed in mice exposed to 5 ppm phenol for 3 hours, or for 5 daily 3-hour periods (Aranyi et al. 1986). Neither did the phenol exposures affect pulmonary bactericidal activity towards Klebsiella pneumonia. Although tests for vulnerability to infectious agents do not represent a comprehensive evaluation of immunological competence, the 5-ppm level can be considered a NOAEL for this specific immunological effect, and is recorded in Table 2-1 and plotted in Figure 2-1. 

The isolation, purification, and identification of nearly pure HA have been the center of scientific interest for many decades. The bacterial production of HA by Streptococcus equi [221] and Streptococcus zooepidemicus [222] enabled it to be produced in larger quantities than could be achieved by extraction methods alone. HA produced by S. equi has a lower molecular weight than does HA produced by S. zooepidemicus, which has a MW of about 1.8-2x 10 Da with a yield of... 

Sodium hyaluronate occurs naturally in vitreous humor, serum, chicken combs, shark skin, and whale cartilage it is usually extracted and purified from chicken combs. It may also be manufactured by fermentation of selected Streptococcus zooepidemicus bacterial strains sodium hyaluronate is removed from the fermentation medium by filtration and purified by ultrafiltration. It is then precipitated with an organic solvent and dried. 

Although animal tissues, primarily rooster combs, were involved at the early stages of production of the clinically utilizable materials approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), e.g. in eye surgery (Healon ), HA secreted by microorganisms such as Streptococcus zooepidemicus, S. equi, etc. is currently offered by... 

R. Sting, R. Schaufuss, and H. Blobel. Isolation and characterization of hyaluronidase from Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus zooepidemicus and Streptococcus equi. Zentralbl. Bakt. 272 276 (1990). 

Gilmour MI, Park P, Selgrade MK. Ozone-enhanced pulmonary infection with Streptococcus zooepidemicus in mice. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993 147 753-760. 

In a study in mice evaluating susceptibility to infection from inhaled Streptococcus zooepidemicus and pulmonary bacteriocidal activity to inhaled Klebsiella pneumoniae, exposure to 50 ppm tetrachloroethylene for 3 hours inereased susceptibility to both baeteria. The primary adverse effect of tetrachloroethylene was hypothesized to be on alveolar macrophage activity, although other pulmonary and extrapulmonary defense meehanisms may also have been involved (Aranyi et al. 1986). However, because of variability in control group mortality and the lack of evaluation of speeifie immunological end points, the relevance of the findings is unclear. 

Zhang J, Hao N, Chen GQ. Efect of expressing polyhydroxybutyrate synthesis genes (phbCAB) in Streptococcus zooepidemicus on production of lactic acid and hyaluronic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006 71 222-7. 

Streptococci species. Streptococcus equi is a commercially used microbe to produce hyaluronic acid using complex medium.Vazquez et al., proposed a seafood by-products-based culture medium for the production of hyaluronic acid by Streptococcus zooepidemicus.The medium contains mussel processing waste as carbon source and tuna peptone as protein substrate and thus can be a cheap alternative to synthetic peptone-based medium. Now, genetically modified strain with high productivity of hyaluronic acid is in place to meet the challenges with conventional fermentation. 

Vazquez JA, Montemayor MI, Fraguas J, Murado MA. Hyaluronic acid production by Streptococcus zooepidemicus in marine by-products media from mussel processing wastewaters and tuna peptone viscera. Mirob Cell Fact 2010 9 46. 

Liu L, Du G, Chen J, Zhu Y, Wang M, Sun J. Microbial production of low molecular weight hyaluronic acid by adding hydrogen peroxide and ascorbate in batch culture of Streptococcus zooepidemicus. Bioresour Technol. 2009 100 362-7. 

FIGURE 3 Overview of hyaluronic acid biotechnological production process from Streptococcus zooepidemicus fermentation to recently proposed downstream procedure as described by Rangaswamy and Jain (2008). 

Hyaluronate(HA) produced by microbial fermentation using Streptococcus zooepidemicus was supplied by Kibun Food Chemifa Co., Ltd. as a dry powder. 

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