Stratospheric ozone and global

The EPA summary (4) for stratospheric ozone and global climate protection lists the basics of the title ... 

Title VI Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate Protection - The law builds on the market-based structure and requirements currently contained in EPA s regulations to phase out the production of substances that deplete the ozone layer. 

Title VI - Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate Title VII - Provisions Relating to Enforcement... 

J.R. Kelly (1986). How might enhanced levels of solar UVB radiation affect marine ecosystems . In J.G. Titus (Ed.), Effects of Changes in Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate Change, United Nations Environment Programme and US Environmental Protection Agency. 

Thomson, B.E. (1986) Is the impact of UV-B radiation on marine zooplankton of any significance , in Effects of Changes in Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate (ed. J.G. Titus), UNEP-USEPA, pp. 203-209. 

Title 6, which specifies stratospheric ozone and global protection measures... 

Table 12.1 summarizes the potential effects of HSCT emissions on stratospheric ozone and on global climate through changes in radiative forcing (Stolarski et al., 1995) as discussed in Chapter 14. Since the effect of NOj on 03 is anticipated to be the most important stratospheric issue, we focus on this here. The other issues are treated briefly where appropriate. 

Grant, W. B Global Stratospheric Ozone and UVB Radiation, Science, 242 1111 (1988). 

Scotto, J., G. Cotton, F. Urbach, D. Berger, and T. Fears, Response to Global Stratospheric Ozone and UVB Radiation, Science, 242, 1111-1112 (1988b). 

WMO, Scientific Assesement of Stratospheric Ozone, WMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report No. 44, 1998. 

R. Atkinson, R. A. Cox, R. Lesclaux, H. Niki, R. Zellner, Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone, in Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, World Meteorological Organization, Report No. 20, Vol. 2,159 (1989). 

The polymer lifetime is also influenced indirectly by stratospheric ozone and its photochemistry. Terrestrial fluxes of the solar UV radiation are changing with the stratospheric ozone concentration. Stratospheric ozone depletion accounting for global ozone losses of 2.7 1.4% per decade may have increased to about... 

All halocarbons are active absorbers of infrared radiation. Of special interest are absorption features in the infrared atmospheric window (7-9 p,m wavelength) region, because here even relatively small increments in atmospheric abundances will have a pronounced impact on the atmospheric radiation balance, leading to a global temperature increase in the same way as that projected to result from the rise in the mixing ratio of C02 (see Section 11.1). This effect is expected to accompany the reduction of stratospheric ozone and calls for more effective emission controls of anthropogenic halocarbons. 

In order to enable the fast discontinuation of the production and use of fully halogenated CFCs, hydro-chlorofluorocarbons were introduced in industry as a transition stage. The atmospheric fate and impact of these hydrochlorofluorocarbons and chlorinated solvents are described in [387]. The authors come to the conclusion, that these compounds, with the exception of 1,1,1-trichIoroethane, make a small or insignificant contribution to the stratospheric ozone depletion, global warming, photochemical smog , acid rain or chloride and fluoride levels in precipitations. The ozone depletion potentials are 10 to 50 times lower than that of CFCll or CFC12, mainly as a consequence of their shorter atmospheric lifetime—some months to 10 years—due to destruction in the atmosphere. 

The other global environmental problem, stratospheric ozone depletion, was less controversial and more imminent. The U.S. Senate Committee Report supporting the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 states, Destruction of the ozone layer is caused primarily by the release into the atmosphere of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and similar manufactured substances—persistent chemicals that rise into the stratosphere where they catalyze the destruction of stratospheric ozone. A decrease in stratospheric ozone will allow more ultraviolet (UV) radiation to reach Earth, resulting in increased rates of disease in humans, including increased incidence of skin cancer, cataracts, and, potentially, suppression of the immune system. Increased UV radiation has also been shown to damage crops and marine resources."... 

The decrease is continuing due to global adherence to the provisions of the Montreal (1989) and London (1990) Protocols, and it is hoped that the most deleterious CFCs will eventually be phased out completely. As a result of their work, Rowland and Molina were awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for 1995 (together with P. Crutzen, who showed how NO and NO2 could similarly act as catalysts for the depletion of stratospheric ozone). Several excellent accounts giving more details of the chemistry and meteorology involved are available. 

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