Storage tanks protection stations

Tank installations with underground storage tanks and station piping should, if possible, be provided with conventional cathodic protection [3]. This is sometimes not possible because electrical separation cannot be achieved between the protected installation and other parts of the plant (see Section 11.4). The necessity for cathodic protection can be tested as in Ref. 13. In tank farms, a distinction should be made between coated, buried storage tanks and aboveground, flat-bottomed tanks in which the base contacts the soil. 

Protection currents of a few amperes are needed for the cathodic protection of assemblies of storage tanks or refuelling stations. In this case, electrical contact with grounded installations is the main problem. For cathodic protection, these contacts must be located and electrically separated. If this is not possible, then local cathodic protection should be installed (see Chapter 12). 

A cathode cable is adequate for the return path of the protection current for individual storage tanks. In pumping stations with several storage tanks, each tank must be provided with a cable connection. If the tanks are connected to each other by electrical connections, then two cathode cable connections must be provided [2]. 

In 1989 the Environmental Protection Agency ordered a 90% reduction of industrial benzene emissions over the next several years at a cost of 1 billion. The new standard leaves more than 99% of the exposed population with risks of cancer less than one in 1 million, or one cancer case in the U.S. every 10 years. Hardest hit are the iron and steel industry, where benzene emissions from coke by-product recovery plants are large. Chemical industry plants have already reduced their benzene emissions 98%. EPA estimates that the 390,000 or so gasoline service stations in the U.S. will all have to be fitted with devices to eliminate the escape vapors when fuel is put into underground storage tanks. 

Cathodic protection has many applications, e.g. in refineries, power stations, gas, water, and oil utilities on marine structures, e.g. jetties, piers, locks, offshore platforms, pipelines, ships hulls, etc. and on land structures, e.g. buried pipeline, storage tanks, cables, etc. For each use, the cathodic protection system requires careful design, either impressed current, sacrificial anodes, or a combination of both may be chosen. There may also be other protection systems, e.g. paint, the nature of which will affect the design parameters and must be taken into consideration. 

Chemical waste incineration systems must also include properly designed chemical waste handling systems. These include a receiving and unloading station, a storage tank, a pump set to feed the injector or burner, appropriate diking and spiU protection, and monitoring and safety protection devices. Most of these components must be enclosed within a separate, fire-rated room that is specially ventilated and equipped with explosion-proof electrical fixtures. 

Samples were collected utilizing a sampling kit that featured individually sealed collection tools to avoid sample cross-contamination. For the CBDE exercise, samples were collected by personnel in full protective gear. The different sample types included soils, liquids, and swipes from a CW pilot plant. These samples were collected near or from chemical storage tanks and suspect CW production equipment. Using a "chain of custody" protocol, the samples were processed at the sample work-up station for analysis. 

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