Stone analysis

Henderson MJ. Stone analysis is not useful in the routine investigation of renal stone disease. Ann CHn Biochem 1995 32 109-11. 

Kasidas GP, Samuell CT, Weir TB. Renal stone analysis why and how Ann Clin Biochem 2003 40 ... 

Adams, Jenny L. 2002. Ground Stone Analysis A Technological Approach. University of Utah Press. 

Renal calculi have also been shown as the result of the administration of triamterene [87-93]. Review of the stone analysis from the Stone Research Laboratory at Boston University by Carr et al. showed an annual incidence of 1 triamterene-containing stone for 250 analyses (total 15, 000-18, 000 analyses per year) [92]. Triamterene was commonly found in association with calcium oxalate monohydrate and may act as a source of secondary nudeation for common lithogenic salts [92,93]. 

Cal Kulis passed a renal stone shortly after admission, with immediate relief of flank pain. Stone analysis showed its major component to be cystine. Normally, amino acids are filtered by the renal glomerular capillaries into the tubular urine but are almost entirely reabsorbed from this fluid back into the blood via transport proteins in the proximal tubular cells of the kidney. Cal Kulis has cystinuria, a genetically inherited amino acid substitution in the transport protein that normally reabsorbs cystine, arginine, and lysine from the kidney lumen back into the renal tubular cells. Therefore, his urine contained high amounts of these amino acids. Cystine, which is less soluble than other amino acids, precipitates in the urine to form renal stones (calculi). 

Table 20.1. Renal stone analysis in infants and children in Germany with infrared spectroscopy (From Bruhl et al. 1987). Stones are listed in order of decreasing radiopacity...

Stone analysis showed only magnesium ammonium phosphate and no xanthine was present. R.J. (III5) had renal colic and a stone by x-ray but no stone was recovered and C.J. (III3) had a calcium oxalate kidney stone. 

Two nucleation processes important to many people (including some surface scientists ) occur in the formation of gallstones in human bile and kidney stones in urine. Cholesterol crystallization in bile causes the formation of gallstones. Cryotransmission microscopy (Chapter VIII) studies of human bile reveal vesicles, micelles, and potential early crystallites indicating that the cholesterol crystallization in bile is not cooperative and the true nucleation time may be much shorter than that found by standard clinical analysis by light microscopy [75]. Kidney stones often form from crystals of calcium oxalates in urine. Inhibitors can prevent nucleation and influence the solid phase and intercrystallite interactions [76, 77]. Citrate, for example, is an important physiological inhibitor to the formation of calcium renal stones. Electrokinetic studies (see Section V-6) have shown the effect of various inhibitors on the surface potential and colloidal stability of micrometer-sized dispersions of calcium oxalate crystals formed in synthetic urine [78, 79]. 

Stone A J 1981 Distributed multipole analysis or how to describe a molecular charge distribution Chem. Phys. Lett. 83 233... 

Stone A J and Alderton M 1985 Distributed multipole analysis—methods and applications Mol. Phys. 56 1047... 

Distributed multipole models for Nj and HF. (Figure adapted from Stone A j and M Alderton 19S5. ibuted Multipole Analysis Methods and Applications. Molecular Physics 56 3 047-1064.)... 

Stone A J 1981. Distributed Multipole Analysis, or How to Describe a Molecular Charge Distribution. Chemical Physics Letters 83 233-239. 

A wet-process plant maldug cement from shale and hmestoue has been described by Bergstrom [Roc/c Prod., 64—71 (June 1967)]. There are separate facilities for grinding each type of stone. The ball mill operates in closed circuit with a battery of Dutch State Mines screens. Material passing the screens is 85 percent minus 200 mesh. The entire process is extensively instrumented and controlled by computer. Automatic devices sample crushed rock, slurries, and finished product for chemical analysis by X-rav fluorescence. Mill circuit feed rates and water additions are governed by conventional controllers. 

Stone, M., and Angus, J. A. (1978). Developments of computer-based estimation of pAj values and associated analysis. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 207 705—718. 

While these calculations provide information about the ultimate equilibrium conditions, redox reactions are often slow on human time scales, and sometimes even on geological time scales. Furthermore, the reactions in natural systems are complex and may be catalyzed or inhibited by the solids or trace constituents present. There is a dearth of information on the kinetics of redox reactions in such systems, but it is clear that many chemical species commonly found in environmental samples would not be present if equilibrium were attained. Furthermore, the conditions at equilibrium depend on the concentration of other species in the system, many of which are difficult or impossible to determine analytically. Morgan and Stone (1985) reviewed the kinetics of many environmentally important reactions and pointed out that determination of whether an equilibrium model is appropriate in a given situation depends on the relative time constants of the chemical reactions of interest and the physical processes governing the movement of material through the system. This point is discussed in some detail in Section 15.3.8. In the absence of detailed information with which to evaluate these time constants, chemical analysis for metals in each of their oxidation states, rather than equilibrium calculations, must be conducted to evaluate the current state of a system and the biological or geochemical importance of the metals it contains. 

Figure 5.6 Positive-ion electrospray spectrum obtained from the major component in the LC-MS analysis of a purified recombinant 62 kDa protein using a Cig microbore 50 X 1 mm column and a flow rate of 50 p.lmin . The starting buffer (buffer A ) was 0.1% TEA in water, while the gradient buffer (buffer B ) consisted of 0.1% TEA in acetonitrile-water (9 1 vol/vol). The running conditions consisted of 0% B for 5 min, followed by a linear gradient of 100% B for 55 min. Reprinted from J. Chromatogr., B, 685, McAtee, C. P., Zhang, Y., Yarbough, P. O., Fuerst, T. R., Stone, K. L., Samander, S. and Williams, K. R., Purification and characterization of a recombinant hepatitis E protein vaccine candidate by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry , 91-104, Copyright (1996), with permission from Elsevier Science.

Grupe, G. and Kruger H. 1990 Feeding ecology of the stone and pine marten revealed hy element analysis of their skeleton. Science of the Total Environment 90 227-240. 

Wyszynski, R, R. Aboagye, R. Stone, and G. Kalghatgi, Combustion imaging and analysis in a gasoline direct injection engine. SAE, 2004-01-0045,2004. 

Gunther EC, Stone DJ, Rothberg JM, Gerwien RW. A quantitative genomic expression analysis platform for multiplexed in vitro prediction of drug action. Pharmacogenomics J 2005 5 126-34. 

Bastl, W., and Fenkel, L., Disturbance analysis systems. In Human Diagnosis of System Failures, (Rasmussen and Rouse, eds.) Nato Symp. Denmark, Plenum, New York, 1980. Breiman, L., Friedman, J. H., Olshen, R. A., and Stone, C. J., aassification and Regression Trees. Wadsworth, Belmont, CA (1984). 

Schantz mm, Benner BA Jr, Chesler SN, Koster BJ, Hbhn KE, Stone SF, Kelly WR, Zeisler R, Wise SA (1990) Preparation and analysis of a marine sediment reference material for the determination of trace organic constituents. Fresenius J Anal Chem 338 501-514. 

Stone, H.L., "Iterative Solution of Implicit Approximations of Multi-Dimensional Partial Differential Equations", SIAM J. Numerical Analysis, 5, 530-558 (1968). 

Stone, K. L. and Williams, K. R., High-performance liquid chromatographic peptide mapping and amino acid analysis in the subnanomole range, /. Chromatogr., 359, 203, 1986. 

In the past decades, polymer materials have been continuously replacing more traditional materials such as paper, metal, glass, stone, wood, natural fibres and natural rubber in the fields of clothing industry, E E components, automotive materials, aeronautics, leisure, food packaging, sports goods, etc. Without the existence of suitable polymer materials progress in many of these areas would have been limited. Polymer materials are appreciated for their chemical, physical and economical qualities including low production cost, safety aspects and low environmental impact (cf. life-cycle analysis). 

Christopher Stone Hamlin. A Science of Impurity Water Analysis in Nineteenth Cen-... 

Fiedel, S. (1996), Blood from stones Some methodological and interpretative problems in blood residue analysis, Archaeol. Sci. 23(1), 139-147. 

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