Stomach dilatation

PNS—relaxation of the smooth muscles of the bronchi constriction of blood vessels, sphincters of tlie stomach dilatation of coronary blood vessels decrease in gastric motility... 

Acute and chronic gastroenteritis, hyperchlorhydria, prolapsed stomach, dilatation of the stomach, peptic and duodenal ulcers, stress-related belching and vomiting, irritable bowel syndrome, allergies, hepatitis, cholecystitis, and the side effects of some medicines. 

Prostaglandins (PCs) are cytoprotective in the stomach, dilate renal vasculature, contract the uterus, and maintain the ductus arteriosus. Thrombaxane (TxA ) causes platelet aggregation. Gl PCs and platelets TxA s are synthesized by COX 1 (constitutive). 

Symptoms of intoxication in humans caused by accidental ingestion of Kou-Wen plants have been described as follows. The effect on the digestive system starts with loss of appetite and turn of the stomach, and continues to severe abdominal pain and intestinal bleeding. The effect on the respiratory system presents as breathing difficulties which finally lead to death by respiratory failure. The effect on muscle innervation usually results in generalized muscular weakness and paralysis of the limbs. The effect on the circulatory system starts with heartbeat disorders and a drop in blood pressure, but heart failure is not a common cause of death. In addition to dilation of pupils, a drop in body temperature and proliferation of white blood cells have also been obseryed (70). 

Hi-receptors mainly mediate the constriction of large and relaxation of small blood vessels, contractions of the bronchial, intestinal and uterine smooth muscle and contractions of vascular endothelial cells with the result of an increased capillary permeability. The lymphatic flow is augmented by Hi-receptor stimulation. H2-receptor stimulation induce a dilatation of pulmonary arteries, a positive inotropic and chronotropic effect on the heart and an increased glandular secretion, especially in the mucosa of the stomach. 

Examine liver, gallbladder (mouse), stomach, spleen, pancreas, intestines, kidneys, adrenal gland, ureters, bladder, umbilical artery, genital organs, dorsal aorta, and caudal vena cava. Possible abnormalities that can be observed include absent renal papilla, dilated ureter(s), and displaced testis. 

Solanine hydrochloride has been used as a commercial pesticide. It has sedative and anticonvulsant properties, and has sometimes been used for the treatment of asthma, as well as for cough and common cold. However, gastrointestinal and neurological disorders result from solanine poisoning. Symptoms include nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, stomach cramps, burning of the throat, headaches and dizziness. Other adverse reactions, in more severe cases, include hallucinations, loss of sensation, paralysis, fever, jaundice, dilated pupils and hypothermia. Solanine overdose can be fatal. 

A much milder and legal stimulant is caffeine, depicted in Figure 14.27. A number of mechanisms have been proposed for caffeines stimulatory effects. Perhaps the most straightforward mechanism is caffeine s facilitating of the release of norepinephrine into synaptic clefts. Caffeine also exerts many other effects on the body, such as dilation of arteries, relaxation of bronchial and gastrointestinal muscles, diuretic action on the kidneys, and stimulation of stomach-acid secretion. 

A 55-year-old man was found unconscious at A1 Doha airport in Qatar later had a generalized seizure. He was unconscious, afebrile, and tachypneic. His blood pressure was 150/90 mmHg and his pulse rate 105/min-ute. His pupils were fixed and dilated. A brain CT scan was unremarkable. A plain X-ray of the abdomen showed two packets in the stomach and one in the rectum. The packets, each of which weighed about 80 g, were removed by endoscopy, and he recovered consciousness after five days of conservative treatment. 

High blood pressure in the portal veins (due to scarring), causing dilated, twisted veins to form at the lower end of the oesophagus (oesophageal varices), in the stomach (gastric varices) or... 

Gastric and oesophageal varices are abnormally dilated collateral vessels in the stomach or oesophagus which arise as a result of increased portal vein pressure (portal hypertension) in cirrhosis or portal vein obstruction. The collateral vessels, or varices, enable blood to bypass... 

The stomachs showed ulceration of mncosa, with bleeding on the snrface and edema at submn-cosa (Fig. 1.5b). The intestines became dilated and lucent, containing gas and a yellowish hquid until 8 hours. The gas in the small intestine disappeared after 24 hours with 100 pg kg and after 48 h with 140 pg kg , with decreasing congestion. 

Capsaicin activates receptors in trigeminal (cranial nerve V) and intestinal neurons. These include pain receptors located in the mouth, nose, stomach, and mucous membranes. Trigeminal neurons utihze substance P as their primary pain neurotransmitter. Capsaicin first induces the release of substance P from the neuron and then blocks the synthesis and transport of substance P to the effector side (Bernstein et al, 1981 Tominack and Spyker, 1987). Substance P depolarizes nemons to produce dilation of blood vessels, stimulation of smooth muscle, and activation of sensory nerve endings (Hehne et al, 1987 Tominack and... 

Physical effects are more constant, because all of the hallucinogenic drugs have some common pharmacological actions. All of them are strong stimulants, for instance, causing increased brain activity and wakefulness. And they all stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, usually causing widely dilated eyes, a sensation of butterflies in the stomach, and feelings of cold in the extremities. The various psychedelics differ mainly in their duration of action and how fast their effects come on. 

Ethanol depresses the central nervous system, increases the production of stomach acid, and dilates blood vessels, producing a flushed appearance. 

Caffeine is a bitter-tasting compound found in coffee, tea, cola beverages, and chocolate. Caffeine is a mild stimulant, usually imparting a feeling of alertness after consumption. It also increases heart rate, dilates airways, and stimulates the secretion of stomach acid. Caffeine is an alkaloid, a naturally occurring amine derived from a plant source. In Chapter 25 we learn about the properties and reactions of amines. 

Dropped into the eye, applied to the skin in its neighborhood, or taken by the stomach, preparations of belladonna very speedily produce extreme dilatation of the pupil. This is one of the most characteristic effects of belladonna. 

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