Stomach cancer treatment

Nitrate is not a new problem. Excessive concentrations were recorded in many domestic wells in a survey conducted 100 years ago. What is new is the public concern about nitrate. This arises from two medical conditions that have been linked to nitrate methaemoglobinaemia ( bine-baby syndrome ) in infants, and stomach cancer in adults. Both are serious conditions, so we need to examine possible links carefully, but we need to note that these conditions are not caused by nitrate but by the nitrite to which it may be reduced. Nitrate itself is harmless and is most notable from a medical standpoint as a treatment for phosphatic kidney stones. 

Mitomycin C is an alkylating agent that forms cross-links with DNA to inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis. The pharmacokinetics of mitomycin C are best described by a two-compartment model, with an a half-life of 8 minutes and a terminal half-life of 48 minutes.31 Liver metabolism is the primary route of elimination. Mitomycin C has shown clinical activity in the treatment of anal, bladder, cervix, gallbladder, esophageal, and stomach cancer. Side effects consist of myelosuppression and mucositis, and it is a vesicant. 

In 10 552 Swedish patients (mean age 57 years) who received I for hyperthyroidism (mean follow-up 15 years) there were increases in overall cancer mortality and deaths due to carcinoma of the stomach, lung, and kidney. While the findings for stomach cancer may be of significance, for tumors at other sites, because of an association with time after I treatment (58 cases at 10 years or more of follow-up against the expected 44 cases), the lack of a relation between cancer mortality and either the time from radioiodine treatment or the dose administered argues against a carcinogenic effect of radioiodine (SEDA-17, 475) (25). 

Mitomycin C, an antibiotic produced by fermentation of streptomyces, has been used extensively in Japan for the treatment of stomach cancer which is prevalent in that country. It probably acts after conversion into an alkylating agent in vivo, and it also contains quinone and urethane moieties which may contribute to its anti-tumour effect. A related series of compounds, the pyrol-lizidine alkaloids, occur in a variety of plants and are known to cause acute liver cytotoxicity when accidentally ingested93). Like mitomycin C, these agents are almost certainly metabolised in vivo by liver microsomes to alkylating agents which cause the liver toxicity. Some of these alkaloids have antitumour properties, presumably because the active metabolite formed in the liver is stable enough to reach the tumour. 

Most of the cancer forms are designated on the basis of their occurrence in the particular part of the body, e.g., breast cancer, brain cancer, bladder cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, stomach cancer, vaginal cancer and so on. Different types of cancer can behave very differently. For example, lung cancer and breast cancer are very different diseases. They grow at different rates and respond to different treatments. 

Wood Creosote. Wood creosote is a common Japanese folk remedy under the generic name "seirogan" and its relationship to stomach cancer is reported in a study by Weiner (1986). This preparation was used as a treatment for stomach aches, taken 3 times/day and the dose was equivalent to 260 mg creosote daily. The cancer distribution in Japan shows the highest incidence of stomach cancer reported in Toyoma where seirogan was produced and in prefectures close to Toyoma. However, the author notes that there may be other factors in addition to seirogan. At the time of the report, 35 different digestive remedies contained creosote. 

DATS which are potent inhibitors of BP-induced fore-stomach cancer in mice, resulted in a significant increase, as compared with control, in bodi hepatic (3.0-, 3.2-and 4.4-fold, respectively) and fore-stomach (1.5-, 2.7-and 2.7-fold, respectively) glutathione transferase (GST) activity toward anti-7P,8a-dihy oxy-9a, 1 Oa-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene (anti-BPDE), which is the ultimate carcinogen of BP [102, 107]. On the contrary, this activity was not increased in either organ by dipropyl sulfide (DPS), which is ineffective against BP-induced fore-stomach cancer. The pulmonary GST activity was not increased by any of the tested OSCs. Even though epoxide hydrolase (EH) activity was differentially altered by these OSCs, a correlation between chemopreventive efficacy of OSCs and their effects on EH activity was not apparent [102]. The chemopreventive efficacy of these OSCs correlated with their ability to increase the expression of GST n. For example, DAS treatment resulted in approximate increases of 1.7- and 2.2-fold in hepatic and fore-stomach GST n expression, respectively, over the control. Treatment of mice with DATS, which is a relatively more potent inhibitor of BP-induced fore-stomach cancer than DAS, resulted in about 3.8- and 3,2-fold increases, respectively, in hepatic and fore-stomach GST n expression over the control. On the contrary, the expression of hepatic and fore-stomach GST n was increased only marginally (10-20%) upon DPS administration [107],... 

Polymeric micelles, which were first introduced by Ringsdorf in 1984 [14], are an assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers in an aqueous environment. Primary polymeric micelles have a well-defined core-shell structure - a hydrophobic inner core and a hydrophilic shell. Micelles can incorporate water-insoluble drugs into the cores through chemical, physical, or electrostatic interactions [15], such as in micelles that are composed of a block copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol) and polyaspartate (Fig. 2) [16-18], A phase II study of a paclitaxel (PTX)-incorporated micelle, NK105, that is used in the treatment of stomach cancer, has begun [19]. 

Morton LM, Dores GM, Curtis RE, Lynch CF, Stovall Hall P, Gilbert ES, Hodgson DC, Storm HH, Johanneden TB, Smith SA, Weathen RE, Andersson M, Possa SD, Hauptman M, Holowaty EJ, et al. Stomach cancer risk after treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2013 31 3369-77. 

While a cytokine mixture (interleukin-ip/inter-feron-y) increased the production of NO by stomach cancer cells (NCI-N87) in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, pre-treatment with 5-fluorouracil reduced the expression of iNOS and thus inhibited nitric oxide production (Jung et al. 2002). 5-Fluorouracil stabilized IxBa and inactivated IxB kinase. 

Cancer is a term commonly used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and invade other tissues. Cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. Cancer is not just one disease but many diseases. There are more than 100 different t3 pes of cancer, hence, the complexity of cancer treatment. It is the second leading cause of death worldwide after heart disease, and its risk and incidence increase with patient age (www. cancer.gov). In addition to genetic factors, enviromnental and nutritional factors play a main role in cancer etiology. In westernized countries, breast, prostate, and colon-rectum cancers predominate because diets are usually rich in animal-source foods and refined carbohydrates and deficient in plant foods. Conversely, in developing countries, where diets are largely based on cereal/starchy foods, esophageal, stomach, and liver cancers are more incident [127]. 

The role of vitamin C in the prevention and treatment of cancer has been studied for many years. Very early work was conducted by Linus Pauling at Vale of Leven hospital in Scotland in which positive claims that were made could never be reproduced. The theory behind cancer prevention is that high levels of the vitamin enhance collagen biosynthesis which helps to contain tumours however, there is no reason to suppose the high levels of vitamin C lead to higher levels of collagen synthesis. There is some evidence for the prevention of cancer by vitamin C, particularly in the case of stomach cancer. 

Epichlorohydrin zero TT Stomach problems reproductive difficulties increased risk of cancer Discharge from industrial chemical factories added to water during treatment process... 

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