Sterilization by steam

Respirator parts Moist heat (autoclave) Moist heat (low- temperature steam, or hot water at 80°C) Sterilization Disinfection Sterilization by steam where possible Chemicals not recommended may be microbiplogically ineffective, may present hazard to patient safety by compromising the safety devices on the machine... 

Bells with baseplate are used for laboratory plants they are cost-effective, but cannot be sterilized by steam. Figure 2.10 shows a typical bell installation in which the shelves are usually heated, but cooling can be provided as well as a closing mechanism for vials. 

The membrane- or capacity gauges are more expensive than TMs, but the difference can be neglected even in the cost of a pilot plant. Sensors for such gauges are available for sterilization by steam. 

PP is the lowest density plastic. It has fair-to-good impact strength and excellent colorability. It s translucent in thick sections, and it also has good chemical resistance. The properties can vary widely with different degrees of crystallinity. PP has good resistance to heat and low water absorption. That makes it a suitable material for many medical instruments that need. sterilization by steaming. 

The accumulation of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in platelet-poor plasma stored for seven and 14 days in PVC bags sterilized by steam, ethylene oxide or irradiation revealed seven-day storage levels of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate of 378 19, 362 10 and 275 15 mg/L, respectively, and 14-day storage levels of 432 24, 428 22 and 356 23 mg/L, respectively (Dine et al., 1991). 

Cleaning Installations, Sterilization by Steam and Vaporized Hydrogen Peroxide (VHP )... 

Sterilization by steam is a standard procedure, but can be replaced by the VHP (Vaporized Hydrogen Peroxides) process, which works at ambient temperature and without pressure. Nakahira [2.11] described the development of applicable sterilization cycles, the necessary changes in the freeze-drying plant and the sterility test necessary to validate the process. Sterilization by VHP requires certain conditions which result from the nature of the H2Oz vapor ... 

Glasgow [1] prepared a blend consisting of the reaction product of bisphenol A and diphenyl carbonate with poly(caprolactone-b-dimethylsiloxane-b-poly-caprolactone) terpolymer that showed superior resistance to scratching and haze while having excellent transmittance properties. Food and medical articles derived from this blend were readily sterilized by steam at atmosphere pressure as taught by Chatteijee [2]. 

The increase of RM in the product to equilibrium depends on [23] the mass and the water content of the stopper, the mass and the water content of the product and the absorption characteristic of the dried product. The water content of the stopper depends on its treatment. Stoppers sterilized by steam can contain more than 1% (wt/wt) water. After 8 h of vacuum drying or 8 h of air drying at 110°C [24], the water content can be reduced to 0.1%. The time to reach equilibrium between the water in the stopper and in the product depends on the storage temperature, e.g., for a product 50% of equilibrium is reached at 40°C in 4 days, at 5°C it takes 10 months. 

Pharmaceutical products can be sterilized by steam sterilization, dry-heat sterilization, filtration sterilization, gas sterilization, and ionizing-radiation sterilization. The USP provides monographs and standards for biological indicators required to test the validity of the sterilization process. These products must also be tested for pyrogens—fever-producing substances that arise from microbial contamination most likely thought to be endotoxins or lipopolysaccharide in the bacterial outer cell membrane. 

Dry heat should be used only for materials that cannot be sterilized by steam either because the moisture would damage the materials or they would be impermeable to it. There are many complicating factors associated with dry-heat sterilization. The process of steam sterilization is accomplished by saturated moisture in dry-heat sterilization, the moisture can vary considerably. Because of the loss of moisture, the death rate of spores might change with the continued application of heat. ... 

Equipment may be sterilized or disinfected by heat, chemical disinfection or a combination of both. Many tanks and reaction vessels are sterilized by steam under pressure, and small pieces of equipment and fittings may be autoclaved, but it is important that the steam has access to all surfaces. Equipment used to manufacture and pack dry powder is often sterilized by dry heat. Chemical disinfectants commonly include sodium hypochlorite and organochlorines at 50-100 ppm free residual chlorine, QACs (0.1-0.2%), 70% (v/v) ethanol in water and 1% (v/v) formaldehyde solution. The... 

Mariani Marelli investigated the stability of meperidine hydrochloride in buffered aqueous solutions during sterilization by steam, and determined the maximum stability to be at pH 7 - 7.5. However, temperature, ionic strength, and specific ion effects were not considered. 

For heat-stable materials, sterilization by steam for 15 min at 121°C kills all bacteria and viruses. Pasteurization for a longer period at a lower temperature is also effective. Dry heat at a temperature above 250°C destroys pyrogens. 

The medium may be sterilized by steaming at 100 °C several times over a few days or by autoclaving with steam at 120 °C under pressure for 15-20 min. With a complex medium it may be necessary to autoclave some of the components separately to avoid caramelizing the sugars. 

An alternative method to steam sterilization for temperature-sensitive samples could be y-irradiation. Comparative studies on SLN sterilization by steam and y-rays were conducted by Schwarz and others [38,41,42]. Lecithin-stabilized SLN proved to be superior to poloxamer-stabilized SLN for the process of steam sterilization. However, this difference was not observed for y-sterilized samples, which indicates the importance of heat-induced changes. Compared to steam sterilization at 121 °C,... 

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