Stephens, Major

The author acknowledges the technical assistance of Robert Staples, Kathleen Fenton, Stephen Majors, Janice Collins, Bernice Brooks, and Rhoda Barnes. 

We suggest that approaches like those in CHEMLAB can be most effective as a thinking aid for the chemist. As Stephen Wolfram said in the June 1984 Scientific American (an excellent issue on computers) (7), "Computation is emerging as a major new approach to science, supplementing the long standing methodologies of theory and experiment. .. Computers extend the realm of experimental science."... 

Certainty is rarely obtainable perhaps an AE with a positive rechallenge where there is objective evidence and an absence of confounders in an individual case would be considered as certainty due to the drug. In the majority of cases action is needed before there is absolute certainty that a drug can cause an AE. This lack of certainty in individual cases has been described suing rather vague terms such as almost certain , probably , possible , unlikely , etc. These terms have also been defined, but each author has a slightly different definition (Venulet et al., 1982 Stephens et ah, 1998). 

Starch is one of the most abimdant plant polysaccharides and is a major source of carbohydrates and energy in the human diet (Zobel and Stephen, 1995). Starch is the most widely used hydrocolloid in the food industry (Wanous, 2004), and is also a widely used industrial substrate polymer. Total annual world production of starch is approximately 60 million MT and it is predicted to increase by additional approximately 10 million MT by 2010 (FAO, 2006b LMC International, 2002 S. K. Patil and Associates, 2007). Com/maize Zea mays L.), cassava (also known as tapioca—Manihot escu-lenta Crantn.), sweet potato Ipomoea batatas L.), wheat Triticum aestivum L.), and potato Solanum tuberosum L.) are the major sources of starch, while rice Oryza sativa L.), barley Hordeum vulgare L.), sago Cycas spp.), arrowroot Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Kimtze), buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), etc. contribute in lesser amounts to total global production. 

Wiscombe and Welch, 1986). Cloud absorption is related to droplet size in a complex way (Stephens and Tsay, 1990) so that errors in droplet size measurements can alter the model-predicted absorption by a cloud. The treatment of absorption due to water vapor is another possibility. As discussed by Crisp (1997), the treatment of water vapor in models is simplified and may not properly reflect, for example, continuum absorptions between major bands in the near-IR. Model calculations suggest that the presence of a thin, saturated layer of water vapor above the clouds, for example, leads to increased absorption by 2-6% (Davies et al., 1984 Podgorny et al., 1998). However, the Crisp calculations indicate that this cannot account for all of the observed excess absorption. 

The war is generally seen as the twilight of the capital ship. Stephen Roskill, in his official history, concluded that the navy had not achieved a proper balance in 1939 between capital ships and aircraft carriers. However, no major navy abandoned the construction of capital ships before the war, and international comparison of capital ships and aircraft carriers launched between 1936 and 1945 (table 4.1) does not suggest that the Royal Navy was unusually conservative. The German navy s Z Plan of January 1939 aimed at having a fleet of six battleships and two battle-cruisers, but only two aircraft carriers, by 1944. In... 

Three chapters in this volume describe expensive and extensive research efforts devoted to images of risk. Stephen Safe assesses the research that fails to find any health from endocrine disruptors in the environment. Bruce Ames and Lois Swirsky Gold review the collapse of the scientific underpinnings for the assertion that environmental chemicals are a major cause of cancer. Bernard L. Cohen contrasts the absence of data to show that nuclear power plants have caused death and disease with the near-total demise of the nuclear power industry because of assertions about cancer risks from the plants. 

To eliminate the use of calcium carbide, several major foundries have investigated the use of alternative desulfurization agents (Stephens 1988). One proprietary process employs calcium oxide, calcium fluoride, and two other materials. The foundry reported that not only was the quality of their iron satisfactory, but that the overall process was economically better than carbide desulfurization. 

Willey, J. D. Brooks Avery Jr., G. Manock, J. Skrabal, Stephen A. S. C. F. Chemical Analysis of Soils An Environmental Chemistry Laboratory for Undergraduate Science Majors, J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 1693-1694. 

Part of a lipoprotein particle. A model of the structure of apolipoprotein A-I (yellow), shown surrounding sheets of lipids. The apolipoprotein is the major protein component of high-density lipoprotein particles in the blood. These particles are effective lipid transporters because the protein component provides an interface between the hydrophobic lipid chains and the aqueous environment of the bloodstream. [Based on coordinates provided by Stephen Harvey.]... 

With aliphatic aldehydes the yields are poor at best. In a relatively recent study, Zil berman and Py-ryalova used a modified Stephen procedure to reduce a series of aliphatic nitriles RCN. As the size of R increased, the yield decreased from a maximum of 51% (R = Et). A major cause of the low yields was found to be the formation of trimeric side products (46). 

Most current models of the ocean reproduce the major features of oceanic carbon the vertical gradient in DIG, the seasonal and latitudinal patterns of pco in surface waters, and the interannual variability in pco observed during El Ninos (Prentice et al., 2001). However, ocean models do not capture the spatial distribution of at depth (Orr et al., 2001), and they do not show an interhemispheric transport of carbon that is suggested from atmospheric CO2 measurements (Stephens et al., 1998). The models also have a tight biological couphng between carbon and nutrients, which seems not to have existed in the past and may not exist in the future. The issue is addressed below in Section 8.10.4.2.2. 

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