Latitudinal patterns

Latitudinal patterns in clay mineral distributions are pronounced in abyssal plain sediments as illustrated in Figures 14.8 through 14.11. These latitudinal bands reflect the... 

In contrast to patterns for lipophilic secondary metabolites, water-soluble phlorotannins (i.e., polyphenolics produced by brown seaweeds) were initially reported to be more abundant in temperate than tropical Indo-Pacilic seaweeds.123-125 However, this apparent latitudinal pattern has not held when tested in additional locations in the Caribbean.126127 The paucity of phlorotannins in some tropical seaweeds was attributed to their ineffectiveness against tropical herbivores,128 30 although phlorotannins from temperate seaweeds can deter some tropical herbivores.125 Because geographic patterns of phlorotannins and their impacts on herbivores are unclear, it is difficult to determine how allocation patterns of phlorotannins relate to the ODT. 

Most current models of the ocean reproduce the major features of oceanic carbon the vertical gradient in DIG, the seasonal and latitudinal patterns of pco in surface waters, and the interannual variability in pco observed during El Ninos (Prentice et al., 2001). However, ocean models do not capture the spatial distribution of at depth (Orr et al., 2001), and they do not show an interhemispheric transport of carbon that is suggested from atmospheric CO2 measurements (Stephens et al., 1998). The models also have a tight biological couphng between carbon and nutrients, which seems not to have existed in the past and may not exist in the future. The issue is addressed below in Section 8.10.4.2.2. 

J.F. Gillooly, S.I. Dodson (2000). Latitudinal patterns in the size distribution and seasonal dynamics of new world, freshwater cladocerans. Limnol. Oceanogr., 45, 22-30. 

Gonzalez-Bergonzoni I, Meerhoff M, Davidson TA, Teixeira-de MeUo F, Baattrup-Pedersen A, Jeppesen E. Meta-analysis shows a consistent and strong latitudinal pattern in fish onmivory across ecosystems. Ecosystems 2012 15(3) 492-503. 

In addition to chemotype patterning revealed by statistical analysis of the data, latitudinal relationships emerged as well. Concentrations of cichoric acid and echinacoside and one of the amides, undeca-2Z,4Z-diene-8,10-diynoic acid 2-methylbutyl amide [246], with a larger amine-bearing group increased with latitude. The inverse relationship was observed for caftaric acid and hexadeca-2 , 9Z-diene-12,14-diynoic acid isobutylamide. The latitudinal differences may be of importance in helping to identify populations for selection of seed for propagation. 

Santelices, B. and Marquet, P. A., Seaweeds, latitudinal diversity patterns, and Rapoport s rule, Diversity and Distributions, 4, 71, 1998. 

These estimated latitudinal distributions are modified somewhat by winds carrying pollutants downwind from the source areas. However, the general west-to-east movement of air masses and the concentration of pollutants into the lower portion of the troposphere tend to minimize wind trajectory effects on the patterns shown in Figures 3 and 4. 

The Coriolis force, in conjunction with solar heating, creates a more complex global circulation pattern than that shown in Fig. 4-11. Three major latitudinal bands of surface winds result from these combined forces. In the Northern Hemisphere, the trade winds lie between the equator and approximately 30° latitude and are generally from the northeast (Fig. 4-13). North of the trade wind latitudes, between approximately 30° and 60° latitude, pole-ward-moving surface winds are deflected to the right by the Coriolis force, giving rise to the westerlies. Finally, from approximately 60° poleward, a third global-scale convective flow moves southward near Earth s surface and returns... 

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