Tapioca, Manihot

Starch is one of the most abimdant plant polysaccharides and is a major source of carbohydrates and energy in the human diet (Zobel and Stephen, 1995). Starch is the most widely used hydrocolloid in the food industry (Wanous, 2004), and is also a widely used industrial substrate polymer. Total annual world production of starch is approximately 60 million MT and it is predicted to increase by additional approximately 10 million MT by 2010 (FAO, 2006b LMC International, 2002 S. K. Patil and Associates, 2007). Com/maize Zea mays L.), cassava (also known as tapioca—Manihot escu-lenta Crantn.), sweet potato Ipomoea batatas L.), wheat Triticum aestivum L.), and potato Solanum tuberosum L.) are the major sources of starch, while rice Oryza sativa L.), barley Hordeum vulgare L.), sago Cycas spp.), arrowroot Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Kimtze), buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), etc. contribute in lesser amounts to total global production. 

Synonyms Cassava starch Definition Starch obtained from tapioca Manihot utilissima, consists primarily of amylose and amylopectin... 

Syn. Manioc, Tapioca Manihot esculenta Crantz Euphorbiaceae... 

Cassava (tapioca, manioc Manihot esculentis crantz) is a perennial woody shrub that is grown almost entirely in the tropics. It is one of the world s most productive crops, with possible yields of 20-30t/ha of starchy tubers (Oke, 1990). Cassava is an approved ingredient in organic poultry diets, although in many countries it will represent an imported product not produced regionally. 

Tapioca Starch Manihot utilissima South America... 

Tapioca. Tapioca. Jatropha manihot. W. IV. 562. Fcecula.radicis. The fecula of the root. 

Manihot Esculenta Common Names Cassava Plant, Manioc, Tapioca, Tapioca Plant Poison Cyanide (Organic)... 

Tapioca%—The tubers, about 30 pounds in weight, of Manihot utilissima or Cassava in Brazil are washed, peeled, and pounded to pulp and pressed in baskets to wash out the starch. This is then heated on iron plates at a gentle heat to volatilize the hydrocyanic acid. The grains swell, burst, and-agglutinate. 

Cassava Manihot esculenta, also called manioc, mandioca, yuca, mogo, tapioca-root or kappa, depending on the region where it is grown) is a woody shrub of the Euphorbia-ceae family. Native to South America it is extensively crdtivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root (Figure 4A.17). 

Cassava Manihot esculenta), also known as manioc, is a tropical shrubby perennial plant that produces tubers at the base of the stem. The chemical composition of these tubers varies with maturity, cultivar and growing conditions. About 80 per cent of the carbohydrate is starch, and cassava tubers are used for the production of tapioca starch for human consumption, although the tubers are also given to cattle, pigs and poidtry.The ME value of cassava is similar to that of potatoes, but it has higher dry matter and lower crude protein contents (see Table 21.1). 

First, cassava (also known as manioc, tapioca, and yuca but only Manihot escu-lanta Crantz) is a human food crop. The plant is a short-lived shrub that produces root tubers (resembling potatoes), which are harvested as a starch source in much of the tropical world. Global production in 1990 was estimated in excess of 100 million tons. The toxicity of incorrectly processed (insufficiently leached with water) tubers has been known for at least 400years. The major toxic constituents are reported to be the two cyanogenic glycosides, linemarin, and lotaustralin, whose structures are shown below. 

This is a small tropical shrub, the roots of which are eaten or used to make tapioca. Cassava belongs to the same family (Euphorbiaceae) as the tung tree (noted for its oil-bearing nuts), rubber tree, and castor bean. There are two main kinds of cassava—bitter cassava (Manihot esculenta) which is used to make tapioca, and sweet cassava (M. dulcis M. aipi, or M. utilissima) which is eaten like potatoes. Lig. C-30 shows a typical cassava plant. 

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