Stem cells and embryonic

Thomson JA, Odorico JS. Human embryonic stem cells and embryonic germ cell lines. Trends Biotechnol 2000, 18, 53-57. 

DNA damage responses in human induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells. PLoS One. Vol. 5 No. 10 pp. el3410 ISSN 1932-6203... 

Knowledge gained from cell adhesion studies with SAMs has been used to develop culture substrates with the appropriate cell adhesion glycoproteins for different types of cells [7-10], Stem cells, capable of self-renewal and differentiation into multiple cell types, are found in embryonic and adult tissues. Pluripotent stem cells, like embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, have been developed in vitro. These cells are expected to provide cell sources for regenerative medicine. Various culture conditions have been developed to enable expansion of these cells without loss of their multi- and pluripotency and to induce differentiation into viable cells with specific functions. 

In November 2003, the members of the Europe Parliament voted to approve embryonic stem cell research, using techniques similar to that adopted for cloning Dolly the sheep, although severe restrictions were put in place. For US scientists, however, the US legislation meant that they were only allowed to performed research using 12 existing sources of the embryonic stem cells and were not allowed to create any new sources. 

Research on human embryonic stem cells and therapeutic cloning... 

Kleinstreuer NC et al (2011) Identifying developmental toxicity pathways for a subset of ToxCast chemicals using human embryonic stem cells and metabolomics. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 257 111-121... 

Theunissen PT, Schulpen SH, van Dartel DA et al (2010) An abbreviated protocol for multilineage neural differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells and its perturbation by methyl mercury. Reprod Toxicol 29(4) 383-392... 

Volume II, Embryonic and Adult Stem Cells, provides an analysis of various types of stem cells and their therapeutic potential. It concentrates particularly on embryonic and neural stem cells. This volume covers the broader potential of adult stem cells its biology, significance and potential for therapy. This volume also describes the potential of stem cells for autologous transplantation, the stem cell theory of carcinogenesis, particularly the existence of brain tumor stem cells, and the therapeutic potential of gene therapy for cell-based therapy. 

Survival and differentiation of neural progenitor cells derived from embryonic stem cells and transplanted into ischemic brain. Takagi, Y., Nishimura, M., Morizane, A., Takahashi, J., Nozaki, K., Hayashi, J., Hashimoto, N. (2005). JNeurosurg, 103 (2) 304-310. 

Several sources have reported using stem cells including embryonic stem cells, adult liver progenitors, and transdifferentiated nonhepatic cells in cell-based thera-pies. Hepatocyte lineage in vitro has been reported in murine embryonic stem cells." It is apparent that hematopoietic stem cells can generate hepatocytes directly. This has been shown in rodent models and confirmed in humans by a study of recipients of bone marrow and liver transplants. ... 

Another important discovery was made when comparing MVLBisG2 and DOTAP in a number of different cell lines. As shown in Fig. 12, complexes of MVLBisG2 efficiently transfect a variety of mouse and human cells in culture [24]. Their TE reaches or surpasses that of optimized complexes prepared from commercially available DOTAP. Most importantly, complexes containing MVLBisG2 are significantly more transfectant over the entire composition range in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). MEFs are important as feeder cells for embryonic stem cells and are a cell line that is empirically known to be hard to transfect. 

Embryonic stem cell The embryonic stem cell line is typically derived from a male agouti 129/terSv embryo. The cell line must be maintained with meticulous culture procedures to retain normal karyotype and an undifferentiated state. 

Strulovici Y, Leopold PL, O Connor TP, Pergolizzi RG, Crystal RG. Human embryonic stem cells and gene therapy. Mol Ther 2007 15 850-66. 

Two major kinds of stem cells occur in the body the embryonic stem cell and the adult (somatic) stem cell. Embryonic stem cells lie inside the cell mass of the blastocyst. The blastocyst forms about two to five days after fertilization and contains a disc of about 30 cells. The trophoblast is a mass of cells that surrounds the blastocyst a blastocoel is the hollow cavity inside the embryo. The 30 embryonic stem cells are each pluripotent, and capable of changing into any cell of the body. 

The second type of promoter polymorphism is a VNTR in the second intron composed of 17-bp repeats (Ogilvie et al., 1996). Ten and twelve sets of repeats are most common (Lesch et al., 1994). Studies with embryonic stem cells and transgenic embryos implicate the VNTR as playing a role in the regulation of transcription, although no definitive links are known between this VNTR and disease states (Torres et al., 2003a). 

---