Steele shale

Salts, sawdust, scrap metals, shales, silicates, soda ash, sodium chloride, sodium compounds, sodium cyanide, sponge iron, steel turnings, stone wool, sugar, sulfur Teas, tin, titanium sponge, turnings Urea, urea formaldehyde Vanadium, vermiculite, vitamins Waxes, welding powder, wood dust, wood shavings Yeast (dry)... 

Oil - [COALCONVERSIONPROCESSES - CARBONIZATION] (Vol6) - [COALCONVERSIONPROCESSES - GASIFICATION] (Vol6) - [SIZE ENLARGEMENT] (Vol 22) -fuel for limestone kilns [LIME AND LIMESTONE] (Vol 15) -hydrogen from [HYDROGEN] (Vol 13) -measurement of particles m [SIZE MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLES] (V ol 22) -m nuts [NUTS] (Vol 17) -as petroleum lubricant [LUBRICATION AND LUBRICANTS] (Vol 15) -pipeline transport [PIPELINES] (Vol 19) -sample analysis by ms [MASS SPECTROMETRY] (Vol 15) -from shale [OIL SHALE] (Vol 17) -steel quenching m [STEEL] (Vol 22) -sulfur removal from [SULFUR] (Vol 23) -tanks for [TANKS AND PRESSURE VESSELS] (Vol 23) -use of fluidization [FLUIDIZATION] (Vol 11)... 

In most of the runs, the shale sample (as pebbles) was contained in a stainless steel, wire screen basket, 1/4-3/8 in. in diameter and 3 in. high. The reactor section was brought to the desired initial temperature with a stabilized gas flow stream at about 10 standard cu ft/hr. The sample was lowered into the reactor, and the power to the heating elements was adjusted to achieve the desired heat-up rate. The heat-up rates used included slow (about 15°F/min), fast (about 35°F/min), and very rapid, in which case the sample was lowered quickly into a preheated... 

In phosphoric acid production plants, both red shale and fireclay brick have excellent resistance to all concentrations of phosphoric acid at temperatures up to 250°F, provided the acid contains no HF. If HF is present in the phosphoric acid, carbon brick construction must be used. As a rough rule-of-thumb, HF levels above 50 ppm in phosphoric acid require tank linings of carbon brick bonded and jointed with a carbon (or barytes) filled furan mortar over a suitable membrane to match the steel or concrete substrate structure. 

Workers in aluminum production, coal gasification, coke production, iron and steel foundries, tar distillation, shale oil extraction, wood impregnation, roofing, road paving, carbon black production, carbon electrode production, chimney sweeping, and calcium carbide production are all exposed to PAHs and are known to have increased rates of lung cancer relative to the general population. I89 90 ... 

Pyrolysis Procedure. The shale oil samples were stressed at conditions similar to the petroleum refining process known as delayed coking (6). These conditions are 450°C and about 90 psi pressure. Each Thermal stress was conducted in a 1/4 inch o.d. 316 stainless steel tube fitted with a stainless steel valve via a Swagelok connection. The tube, with a weighed amount of sample (approximately 0.1 g), was attached to a vacuum system, cooled to -78°C, and pumped to remove air. The tube was then thawed and the cooling/pumping process repeated. The tubes were heated by inserting them into 9/32-inch holes in a six-inch diameter aluminum block fitted with a temperature controller. 

Ten untreated oil shale samples were simultaneously pyrolyzed in a segmented reactor constructed of stainless steel (Figure 2). Approximately 12 g of shale was weighed into each 6-inch high individual sample vessel with stainless steel frit bottom. The vessels were placed into the 10 compartments of the reactor resting on a wire mesh so as to be positioned near the center of the furnace. The lid with 3 thermocouples and a gas inlet was bolted into place with a Viton 0-ring seal (the top... 

The Parr oxygen combustion bombs were used for a rapid ash determination and for sample preparation for IC. About 0.5 g of shale or shale oil was mixed with 0.5 g of white oil in a stainless steel cup. Five mL of water was placed in the bottom of the bomb which was then assembled and pressurized to 30 atmospheres of oxygen. After combustion, the bomb was allowed to cool for ten minutes and then opened slowly. The inside walls of the bomb were washed with water, and all the washings were combined, filtered if necessary, and diluted to 50 mL. The residue in the cup was dried at 110°C for 15 minutes and reweighed for ash determination. 

Figure 1 shows the apparatus used in the cracking experiments. This assay apparatus is a modification of the LLNL modified Fischer assay apparatus described previously (17). It is used for a complete mass- and carbon-balanced assay under various heating schedules. For the cracking experiments, a second furnace and reactor were added. Both reactors were made of Type 304 stainless steel. A 165-pm stainless steel frit (6.3 mm high by 32 ram in diam) allowed gases but not shale to pass through the bottom of the reactors. 

Raw shale contained in the top furnace and reactor was retorted at a linear heating rate. Gases and vapors evolved during retorting passed through the second reactor at 504 to 610°C where the oil was thermally cracked. Temperatures were measured at the center of the bottom reactor by a stainless-steel-sheathed thermocouple (Type K). Temperature variation across the reactor was less than 3°C. To simulate conditions inside a shale block, the bottom reactor contained pieces of shale. We used burnt shale (mostly silicates and MgO) in most of the experiments because it is thermally stable above 500°C. In two experiments, we used retorted shale (2.7% organic carbon, 24.4% acid-evolved CO2) and no shale, respectively. 

Shale oil studies in both the private and public sectors have emphasized what we call here an "evolutionary" approach. Costs are estimated for a single plant by looking at one installation as a totality within Itself, not as part of a complex, such as an industrial park, or as a shale oil industry. It is not clear whether the "evolutionary" approach is an oversimplification that tends to result in costs that are too high or too low, on the average, for a whole industry. In some ways, this approach is the cheapest. For example, the highest quality shale would be mined first, and the lowest-cost water would be used first local environmental pollution would be lowest with the first plants demand for labor and steel would be limited and would not drive up price levels. 

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