Steaming process

Cottoa—acryHc fiber bleads are also used for high quaHty upholstery pile fabrics. Besides the oae-bath exhaust dyeiag procedure involving a very high ratio of Hquor to fabric, a coatiauous pad-steam process is used to dye these fabrics. After padding, the goods are steamed for 7—15 min at 98—100°C. The material thea must be riased warm and cold before dryiag. 

Control agent The medium in which the manipulated variable exists. In a steam process, the control agent is steam and the manipulated agent is the flow of steam. 

The introduction of the internal combustion engine in the late nineteenth century opened up an entirely new approach to combined heat and power. Rather than using the same fluid for the heat and power process as was the case with hot air and steam processes, the tremendous waste heat generated by the internal combustion process can easily be transformed into useful heat. Cogeneration applications using stationary engines were common in Europe prior to World War I and remain quite popular because the heat is relatively... 

If buffering is required, use steam process gas, water or inert gas. (Usually not necessary.)... 

Piping system Main steam Process steam Feedwater Raw water Treated water Potable water Aux. cooling system Firefighting system Clarified water Filtered water Water-intake system Circulating-water system Chemical dosing Station drains Fuel oil Fuel gas... 

The steam/process air heater with multiple coils typifies the kind of application on which recovery of flash steam... 

These steam generators are often used for once-through steam processes as such, they are not usually provided with any form of water treatment program and are not considered further in this text. 

The question of which particular MU water pretreatment purification technology or system of technologies to employ for a higher-pressure boiler plant, special boiler design, or steam process can only be answered by looking at the specifics of each case. 

It should be noted that in intermittently operated steam processes, where condensate is allowed to cool in carbon dioxide-rich atmospheres, the pH level can drop significantly, resulting in devastatingly high localized corrosion, even though the average C02 content of the steam may be relatively low. 

Ensure the adequacy (in terms of quality, quantity and reliability) of services/utilities, e.g. steam, process/cooling water, electricity, compressed air, inert gas, fire suppression systems, ventilation. 

In a similar study, Gray et al. (60) investigated the possible formation of N-nitrosamines in heated chicken frankfurters which been prepared with various levels of nitrite (0-156 mg/kg). As expected, apparent N-nitrosamine levels increased with increasing concentrations of nitrite, but did not exceed 4 yg/kg except for two samples which contained 8 and II yg/kg of NMOR. The presence of these relatively high levels of NMOR was confirmed by mass spectrometry and raised the question as to its mode of formation. It was shown to be due to the morpholine present in the steam entering the smokehouse, as this amine is commonly used as a corrosion inhibitor in steam process equipment ( ). The detectable levels of NMOR in the Canadian study ( ) were also attributed in part to the use of morpholine as an anti-corrosion agent in the steam supply (62). 

M. Metwally. Effect of gaseous additives on steam processes for Lindbergh Field, Alberta. J Can Petrol Technol, 29(6) 26-30, November-December 1990. 

Combined dyeing and easy-care finishing of cotton using bis-nicotinotriazine reactive dyes and DMDHEU in a pad-dry-HT steam process [325]... 

Figure 12.20 Typical dye build-up curves for pad-steam process variants A and B on mercerised and unmercerised cotton [158]...

The steam treatment does however affect the Al-surroundings in the zeolite crystal. As seen in Fig. 2b, the intensity of both the tetragonally (at 0 ppm) and octahedrally (at 55 ppm) coordinated aluminum species decreases considerably after steam treatments for more than 4 h. Steam treatment for more than 8 h did not lead to a further decrease in the signal intensities. The decreases confirm that aluminum is extracted from the framework during the steaming process, as was also concluded from the 29Si MAS-NMR spectra (Fig. 1 b). This may lead to the formation of additional (micro) porosity, but the aluminum extraction could negatively affect the catalytic activity. 

FOREST ROAD COMBUSTION STEAM PROCESS HEAT... 

The low m.p. indicates its suitability as a melt-castable explosive using steam processing. However, its thermal stability (by DSC and chemiluminescence) is only marginally acceptable suggesbng that this family of explosives is unlikely to be used for munitions. 

Replacing sterilizers that operate by one set of principles with sterilizers that operate by another principle (e.g., substituting a gravity displacement steam process with a process using superheated water spray). 

A new method has been described to obtain acid or bifunctional catalysts for aromatization by steaming the as-synthesized Ga-H[Al]-ZSM-5 at low temperature (530°C). During the steaming process a profound and progressive demetali-... 

Pad Processes. In a continuous or semicontinuous processes, the fabric is first padded with the dye solution. The substantive adsorption of dyes during padding is avoided by employing minimum amounts of pad liquor at ambient temperatures. For even penetration of the dye, the material is then steamed without intermediate drying for 1-3 min in saturated steam (pad steam process ). Alternatively, it is heated to 80-85 °C and rolled up in a closed chamber where it is slowly rotated for 2-8 h (pad roll process). 

Continuous Processes. Vat dyes are especially suitable for continuous application. Dyeing is performed according to the pad steam process or the wet-steam process. The continuous processes are used almost exclusively for dyeing woven fabrics and only to a small extent for knitwear. 

The wet-steam process is used mainly for voluminous open fabrics with a high liquor-carrying capacity (e.g., toweling, cord, velvet). Unlike the pad steam process, this process does not require drying after dye application in the padder. 

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