Steam introduction

The particular problem I encountered is illustrated in Fig. 10.4. The jet fuel product was steam-stripped to remove a lighter naphtha contaminant. But much naphtha was left in the jet fuel. Apparently, the packing in the stripper tower was not working properly. However, a discussion with the unit operator indicated that they were using very little stripping steam. Introduction of a normal amount of steam resulted in a loss of liquid level in the bottom of the stripper. 

A problem of the reduction in scale of the production to the miniplant scale developed in the simulation of the discharge of steam, since the volume and the cross-section area change by different orders of magnitude. This means it is not possible to keep both steam load and steam introduction duration constant during the reduction in scale from production to the miniplant. An elegant solution is to carry out separate experiments regarding the influence of thermal stress duration and the influence of fluid dynamic load. 

Blue gas, or blue-water gas, so-called because of the color of the flame upon burning (10), was discovered in 1780 when steam was passed over incandescent carbon (qv), and the blue-water gas process was developed over the period 1859—1875. Successfiil commercial appHcation of the process came about in 1875 with the introduction of the carburetted gas jet. The heating value of the gas was low, ca 10.2 MJ /m (275 Btu/fT), and on occasion oil was added to the gas to enhance the heating value. The new product was given the name carburetted water gas and the technique satisfied part of the original aim by adding luminosity to gas lights (10). 

Lavender Oil Spike. Also known as spike oil, lavender oil spike is obtained by steam distillation of the flowering tops of l vandula latijolia Vik., which grows wild and is also cultivated throughout the Mediterranean region, with most production in Spain and France. There was a time when spike oil, particularly Spanish lavender oil [8016-78-2] found extensive use in soap perfumery however, with the introduction of the less expensive lavandin oil, a hybrid of tme lavender (L. angustifolid) and L. latijolia, utilization of spike oil in perfumery has been reduced appreciably. French spike oil, a more dehcate version, still finds considerable use in functional and industrial perfumery. A comparison of the volatiles of a commercial Spanish oil and a... 

The TMP process is similar to the RMP process except that after chip washing, a steaming vessel is inserted to achieve the thermoplasticization of the lignin in the wood. The production of thermomechanical pulps increased dramatically after the introduction of this method in the early 1970s. Because these pulps can be substituted for conventional groundwood pulps in newsprint blends to give a stronger paper, lower quantities of the more expensive, lower yield chemical pulps are required. 

Until 1960—1970, in countries where natural gas was not available, large amounts of coal were carbonized for the production of town gas, as well as a grade of coke which, although unsuitable for metallurgical use, was satisfactory as a domestic fuel in closed stoves. The early cast-iron and siUca horizontal retorts used at gasworks were replaced by continuous vertical retorts. These operated at flue temperatures of 1000—1100°C. The volatile products were rapidly swept from the retort by the introduction of steam at 10—20% by weight of the coal carbonized. 

Norite, is heated to boiling by introduction of steam, filtered through a Norite filter pad by suction, and cooled in an ice-salt bath. The muconic acid is precipitated by the addition of a large excess (1500 ml.) (sp. gr. 1.18) of concentrated hydrochloric acid to the cold solution. The acid is added in a thin stream to the well-stirred solution. After 2 hours the muconic acid is filtered, washed first with two 400-ml. portions of cold water and then with 200 ml. of methyl alcohol, and dried at 85°. The yield of nearly colorless product melting at 296-298°, with decomposition, amounts to 165-195 g. (37-43%). 

To protect steam boilers and their tubes from corrosion, E. Cumberland used cathodic impressed current in America in 1905. Figure 1-10 has been taken from the corresponding German patent [35]. In 1924 several locomotives of the Chicago Railroad Company were provided with cathodic protection to prevent boiler corrosion. Where previously the heating tubes of steam boilers had to be renewed every 9 months, the costs fell sharply after the introduction of the electrolytic... 

Therefore, merely reducing coal use will not he sufficient to satisfy the Protocol. Any plan to comply with the Protocol needs to assume substitution, first by non-combustion energy sources—that is by renewables or nuclear energy—and second by natural gas. This would have to be accompanied by achievement of far greater efficiencies in energy production (for example by introduction of far more fuel-efficient steam gas turbines, driven by natural gas) and by more efficient use of energy. 

Post—Civil War America witnessed a tremendous growth in steam power, including the 1882 introduction of the central electric station by Thomas Edison. These stations were initially thought of as curious... 

The introduction of the internal combustion engine in the late nineteenth century opened up an entirely new approach to combined heat and power. Rather than using the same fluid for the heat and power process as was the case with hot air and steam processes, the tremendous waste heat generated by the internal combustion process can easily be transformed into useful heat. Cogeneration applications using stationary engines were common in Europe prior to World War I and remain quite popular because the heat is relatively... 

As with the electrical load profile, it is also necessary to analyze the heat load over the daily and annual cycles. Ideally, the heat load will match the available heat from the electrical generator (however, this is rarely the case). There will be periods when supplementary output will be necessary which can be achieved by, say, supplementary firing the waste heat gases of a gas turbine, or heat output reduction is necessary by the introduction of bypass stacks. For a steam turbine installation bypass pressure-reducing valves will be necessary to supplement steam output, while a dump condenser may be needed at low-process steam demands. The nature of the electrical and heat load will obviously have significant influence in the development of the scheme and scope of equipment. 

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