Stark

Hippier H, Luther K and Tree J 1973 Untersuchung der Rekombination von Jodatomen in stark komprimierten Gasen und in Fluessigkeiten Ber. Bunsenges Phys. Chem. 77 1104-14... 

Figure A3.7.7. Two-dimensional contour plot of the Stark-Wemer potential energy surface for the F + H2 reaction near the transition state. 0 is the F-H-H bend angle.

Polik W F, Guyer D R and Moore C B 1990 Stark level-crossing spectroscopy of Sq formaldehyde eigenstates at the dissociation threshold J. Chem. Phys. 92 3453-70... 

Qotti G, Linnartz H, Meerts W L, van der Avoird A and Oithof E 1996 Stark effeot and dipoie moments of (NH3)2 in different vibration-rotation-tunneiing states J. Chem. Phys. 104 3898-906... 

Van Hove M A, Moritz W, Over H, Rous P J, Wander A, Barbieri A, Materer N, Starke U and Somorjai G A 1993 Automated determination of complex surface structures by LEED Surf. Sc . Rep 19 191-229... 

Not only can electronic wavefiinctions tell us about the average values of all the physical properties for any particular state (i.e. above), but they also allow us to tell us how a specific perturbation (e.g. an electric field in the Stark effect, a magnetic field in the Zeeman effect and light s electromagnetic fields in spectroscopy) can alter the specific state of interest. For example, the perturbation arising from the electric field of a photon interacting with the electrons in a molecule is given within die so-called electric dipole approximation [12] by ... 

A MBER spectrometer is shown schematically in figure C1.3.1. The teclmique relies on using two inhomogeneous electric fields, the A and B fields, to focus the beam. Since the Stark effect is different for different rotational states, the A and B fields can be set up so that a particular rotational state (with a positive Stark effect) is focused onto the detector. In MBER spectroscopy, the molecular beam is irradiated with microwave or radiofrequency radiation in the... 

Measurements of Stark splittings in microwave and radiofrequency spectra allow tliese components to be detennined. The main contribution to tire dipole moment of tire complex arises from tire pennanent dipole moment vectors of tire monomers, which project along tire axes of tire complex according to simple trigonometry (cosines). Thus, measurements of tire dipole moment convey infonnation about tire orientation of tire monomers in tire complex. It is of course necessary to take account of effects due to induced dipole moments and to consider whetlier tire effects of vibrational averaging are important. 

Marshaii M D, Charo A, Leung H O and Kiemperer W 1985 Characterization of the iowest-iying n bending state of Ar-HCi by far infrared iaser-Stark spectroscopy and moieouiar beam eiectric resonance J. Chem. Phys. 83 4924-33... 

Wild U P, Guttler F, Pirotta M and Renn A 1992 Single molecule spectroscopy stark effect of pentacene in p-terphenyl Chem. Phys. Lett. 193 451-5... 

Orrit M, Bernard J, Zumbusch A and Personov R I 1992 Stark effect on single molecules in a polymer matrix Chem. Phys. Lett. 196 595-600... 

Tamarat P, Lounis B, Bernard J, Orrit M, Kummer S, Kettner R, Mais S and Basche T 1995 Pump-probe experiments with a single molecule ac-Stark effect and nonlinear optical response Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 1514-17... 

Empedocles S A and Bawendi M G 1997 Quantum-confined Stark effect in single CdSe nanocrystalline quantum dots Science 278 2114-17... 

In stark contrast to tire results shown in figure C3.3.5 are data obtained for collision processes tliat lead to no... 

This is essentially a Dean and Stark tube (employed for determinations of moisture) but uncalibrated the capacity of this receiver is 7-5-10 ml. A tube calibrated in 0 -1 ml. may, of course, be employed, but for large classes the cheaper uncalibrated tube possesses obvious advantages. 

Place a mixture of 53 g. of A.R. lactic acid (85-88 per cent, acid), 75 g. (85-5 ml.) of commercial anhydrous isopropyl alcohol, 300 ml. of benzene and 20 g. of Zeo-Karb 225/H (1) in a 700 ml. bolt-head flask, equipped with an automatic water separator (e.g., a large modified Dean and Stark apparatus with a stopcock at the lower end, see Fig. Ill, 126, 1) carrying an efficient reflux condenser at its upper end, and a mercury-sealed stirrer (alternatively, the hquid-sealed stirrer shown in Fig. 11,7,11, c. may be used). Reflux the mixture, with stirring, on a steam bath for 5 hours or until water no longer collects in appreciable amount in the water separator run off the water from time to time. Filter off the resin at the pump and wash it with two 25 ml. portions of benzene. Shake the combined filtrate and washings with about 5 g. of precipit-ated calcium... 

Ethyl bromoacetate (1). Fit a large modified Dean and Stark apparatus provided with a stopcock at the lower end (a convenient size is shown in Fig. Ill, 126, 1) to the 1-htre flask containing the crude bromoacetic acid of the previous preparation and attach a double surface condenser to the upper end. Mix the acid with 155 ml. of absolute ethyl alcohol, 240 ml. of sodium-dried benzene and 1 ml. of concentrated sulphuric acid. Heat the flask on a water bath water, benzene and alcohol will collect in the special apparatus and separate into two layers, the lower layer consisting of approximately 50 per cent, alcohol. Run ofi the lower layer (ca. 75 ml.), which includes all the water formed in the... 

The orientation of the dipole moment, experimentally established by the Stark effect (158), can also be compared to the calculated ones (Fig. 1-5). 

The same thought occurred to early chemists However the complete absence of natu rally occurring compounds based on cyclobutadiene and cyclooctatetraene contrasted starkly with the abundance of compounds containing a benzene unit Attempts to syn thesize cyclobutadiene and cyclooctatetraene met with failure and reinforced the grow mg conviction that these compounds would prove to be quite unlike benzene if m fact they could be isolated at all... 

In the microwave region tunable monochromatic radiation is produced by klystrons, each one being tunable over a relatively small frequency range, or a backward wave oscillator, tunable over a much larger range. Both are electronic devices. Absorption experiments are usually carried out in the gas phase, and mica windows, which transmit in this region, are placed on either end of the absorption cell, which may be several metres in length. Stark... 

Stark effect in diatomic, linear and symmetric rotor molecules... 

Using the Stark effect, the dipole moment of, for example, CH3F has been found to be... 

Dipole moments of asymmetric rotors or, strictly, their components along the various inertial axes, may be determined using the Stark effect. 

Laser Stark (or laser electronic resonance) spectroscopy... 

Figure 9.23 Laser Stark spectroscopy with the sample inside the cavity. G, grating S, Stark electrodes W, window M, mirror D, detector...

Figure 9.24 Laser Stark spectrum of FNO showing Lamb dips in the components of the line of the ij vibrational transition. (Reproduced, with permission, from Allegrini, M., Johns, J. W. C. and McKellar, A. R. W., J. Molec. Spectrosc., 73, 168, 1978)...

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