Standard duplex measure

It is of the utmost importance to guarantee that the worst-case performance of the proposed scheme, in terms of voted signal, is not worse than that of a standard duplex measure. Hence, a further elaboration of the residuals is performed. Namely, if the absolute value of the difference between the weighted average (computed at Step 2) and each sensor signal is larger than the difference between the standard duplex measure and the sensor signals, then the standard duplex measure is voted as healthy measure. 

It can be easily recognized that all the faults have been correctly detected and identified. A wide simulation campaign showed that only when an abrupt freezing on reactor temperature sensors (i.e., 5r> i or ST ) occurs during the isothermal phase, the fault can be detected but not isolated. Finally, the measure voted by the DMS results to be always more accurate than the standard duplex measure. 

Using the pitch, symmetry, monomer geometries and other stereochemical constraints, a number of types of molecular model can be constructed. Typical dilemmas are whether the molecular helix is left- or right-handed, whether the molecule is a single helix or coaxial double-helix (and in the later case whether the two chains in the duplex are parallel or antiparallel), or whether, if there are two or more molecules in the unit cell, the molecules are parallel or antiparallel. Solution of a structure therefore involves refinement and adjudication All candidate models are refined until the fit with the measured x-ray amplitudes or steric factors allows one model to be declared significantly superior to the others by some standard statistical test. 

Fig. 2. The kinetics of reassociation of calf thymus DNA measured with hydroxyapatite. The DNA was sheared to small fragments and the single-stranded fragments incubated under renaturing conditions. At various times samples were passed over a hydroxyapatite column at 60 C, under conditions in which only duplex DNA binds to hydroxyapatite. Because of the large range in Cot values, different initial concentrations (Cq) of calf DNA were used to obtain the complete renaturation curve A, 2 jug/nni , 10/xg/ml o, 600Mg/ml and 8,600 /ug/ml. The crosses are radioactively labeled E. coli DNA at 43 jug/ml present in the renaturing mixture of calf thymus DNA at 8,600 The rate of renaturation of E. coli DNA provides an internal standard with which the...

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