Reference length

Reference Length of study (year) Approximate maintenance of IMI (mg) IMI Placebo... 

A choice of strains is given, with 100% the preferred value the most usual test time is 24 h and the test temperature is commonly 70°C or 100°C. The test piece is strained at between 2 and 10 mm/s and the reference length measured between 10 and 20 min later. If it does not fall within given tolerances about the nominal strain, the test piece is rejected. Presumably, if appreciable relaxation occurs in this period, it may be necessary to overstrain initially with test pieces clamped well outside of the reference length. For... 

By introducing a reference length l and a reference velocity V, we may define the nondi-mensional quantities... 

If a double pushrod configuration is used, not only the expansion of the reference material must be added, but differences in length between sample and reference must be accounted for.4 If, for example, a one-inch sample and a 1/2-inch reference are used, then the expansion of 1/2-inch of reference and 1/2-inch of pushrod material must be added to the displacement indicated by the position transducer. When the sample and reference lengths are closely matched, the expansion of the pushrod... 

Hence, using the plate length, 0.2 m, as the reference length. L, and the value of the temperature difference Tw - T on the first 10 cm of the plate as the reference temperature difference Twr -T, and recalling that the dimensionless temperature used in the computer program is ... 

Here, L is a reference length that characterizes the size of the surface, e.g., its length. Twr is again some reference wall temperature. If some measure of the boundary layer thickness, 8, is also introduced, then the governing equations can be written in terms of the following dimensionless variables ... 

Now, if the distance, x, from the leading edge of the plate to the point under consideration is taken as the reference length, L, it follows from the derivation of the boundary layer equations presented earlier that ... 

All real materials fall Theologically between two extremes the perfectly elastic Hookean solid, for which stress is directly proportional to strain, and the Newtonian liquid, for which (shear) stress is directly proportional to (shear) strain rate. Strain can be defined as deformation relative to a reference length, area or volume (Barnes et al., 1989) it is dimensionless. Strain... 

The applicability of the continuum model is determined by the local value of the non-dimensional Knudsen number (Kn) which is defined as the ratio of the mean free path (lufp) of the heat-carrier medium to the system reference length scale (say thermal diffusion length). Microscale... 

All velocities are divided by a reference velocity wa given for the problem, for example the upstream velocity of a body in crossflow. In the same way all lengths are divided by a reference length L given for the problem, an example of this is the length over which the fluid flows across a body. With this we can then form dimensionless quantities... 

The stretching variable may be chosen in a variety of ways (49), but in the present paper it is assumed to have the form =(r-rQ)/rQ where ro is some fixed reference length. 

Here S1/2 defines the size of the average polymer in the absence of interaction. In the same way, in the presence of interaction, the size eS1/2 = X of the average polymer in an infinitely dilute solution can be considered as a proper reference length. 

Thus, each time we want to take polydispersion into account, we use the Schulz-Zimm law and we choose the size of the isolated average polymer as the reference length. Consequently, all formulae are expressed in the polydisperse case in the same way as in the non-disperse case, the only difference being that now a new dimensionless parameter p defining the polydispersion of the system has to be introduced. 

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