Standard format problems

Errors and Inconsistencies in Formatting Dates. It is also necessary to use standardized formats to record dates. For example, Oracle stores a date as the number of seconds since January 1, 4712 BC, and then uses various functions to display the dates in more human-friendly formats. There are many different and personal ways for recording dates one of the authors (AS) has noted at least 25 different ways in a single clinical trial submitted for FDA review Should February 1,2007 be recorded as 1 February 2007,1 Feb 2007, 1 Feb 07, or 02/01/07 This problem still exists when data for numerical dates are extracted into software programs such as Excel that do not force the user to select a unique format for dates. 

PROBLEM 2.6 An atom of element X contains 47 protons and 62 neutrons. Identify the element, and write the symbol for the isotope in the standard format. 

Before reaching the point of complete data integration as given above, there are intermediary levels of data integration that are beneficial to better analysis of data from process analyzers. The best case would be to have all the data in a human readable form that is independent of the application data format. Over the years several attempts have been made to have a universal format for spectroscopic data, including JCAMP-DX and extensible markup language (XML). Because many instrument vendors use proprietary databases, and there is not a universal standard, the problem of multiple data formats persists. This has led to an entire business of data integration by third parties who aid in the transfer of data from one source to another, such as between instruments and the plant s distributed control system (DCS). 

You may have problems with the volume of information that has to be organized. One method of coping with this is to divide your thesis into chapters, each having the standard format (as in Box 52.1). A general introduction can be given at the start and a general discussion at the end. Discuss this option with your supervisor as it is not universally favoured. 

Recommended safe shutdown procedures in the event of a reaction problem or a building emergency requiring evacuation. This section is filled out only if special shutdown procedures are required that are not covered in our standardized format. 

Patents usually follow a standard format. They contain a Background or Prior Art section that describes old processes noting their limitations and problems, mi Invention section tliat describes the "new process often including examples of reduciion-io-practice, and the Claims section that defines quantitatively the conditions and limits of the Invention. Tlie information in a patent is reviewed by patent examiners who frequently require that the limits of the claims be revised before the patent is issued. Even witli Uiis review process the limits of the claims are frequently much wider than covered in the Examples section. Not all patents have been reduced to practice, and we have included several of these which we refer to as thought patents. Some of the patents can work as described even though no data are presented some cannot work even though data are pre.sented. 

Once you know the function of your paper and have identified its audience, review your material for completeness or excess. Then, organize your material into the standard format introduction, experimental details or theoretical basis, results, discussion, and conclusions. This format has become standard because it is suitable for most reports of original research, it is basically logical, and it is easy to use. The reason it accommodates most reports of original research is that it parallels the scientific method of deductive reasoning define the problem, create a hypothesis, devise an experiment to test the hypothesis, conduct the experiment, and draw conclusions. Furthermore, this format enables the reader to understand quickly what is being presented and to find specific information easily. This ability is crucial now more than ever because scientists, if not all professionals, must read much more material than their time seems to allow. 

Introductory chapters give information on basic electrochemistry and HPLC-ED, and on the specialised area of HPLC-ED of thiols. The major portion of the book is devoted to summary details of over 400 published HPLC-ED methods that are discussed in a standard format (column, eluent, internal standard, ED conditions, extraction procedure, limit of quantitation, etc.). These data are not always available via published abstracts and, wherever possible, sufficient information is given for the reader to decide whether a particular approach is worth pursuing. Chemical structures are given for most analytes and internal standards to ensure unambiguous identification and to illustrate possible electroactive moieties. Problems and pitfalls, and alternative techniques when appropriate, are emphasised throughout. Literature coverage is comprehensive up to the end of 2003. 

Matching the PPHR data format and vocabulary to that of the web-based PHR is a problem. To solve this, the PPHR data is converted to the international CCR standard format [23] to be ubiquitously available to health record databases [24]. Thereby, the available lCD-10 and other codes are attached to the corresponding PPHR entries to allow more professional comprehension, especially of entries in a local language. 

Sometimes it is helpful to approach a problem at the level of a 5-year-old child. Young children specialize in the one-word interrogative, Why If you went home to your 5-year-old and said Son, Mommy (or Daddy) is working on a standard format for exchanging chemical structure data , little Johnny may well say Why . Johnny is not as naive as those of us with years of schooling for it is a very valid and perceptive question. 

As illustrated in Figure 1, left, one can direct exchange formats between two WPs. If this is done carefully, one can generally ensure compatibility. However, bidirectional, direct conversion implies ( — ) different conversion utilities. An intermediate, standard format (Figure 1, right) simplifies the problem, in that one requires only one (bidirectional) utility per pair of WPs. 

In this section, design optimization theory is presented, where multiple design variables are allowed and where nonlinear constraints can be imposed. The following is the standard format for posing a design optimization problem. 

Emissions from methanol vehicles are expected to produce lower HC and CO emissions than equivalent gasoline engines. However, methanol combustion produces significant amounts of formaldehyde (qv), a partial oxidation product of methanol. Eormaldehyde is classified as an air toxic and its emissions should be minimized. Eormaldehyde is also very reactive in the atmosphere and contributes to the formation of ozone. Emissions of NO may also pose a problem, especiaHy if the engine mns lean, a regime in which the standard three-way catalyst is not effective for NO reduction. 

Image Files. Only the physical problem of moving or storing files has been discussed herein. The format in which the data is actually stored or transmitted is another part of the process. There are a number of file formats, many of which are proprietary, developed to suit the needs of a particular computer platform or software appHcation. There has been some effort to standardize to a few file types, but many others are in use. A thorough discussion of graphics file formats is available (20). 

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