Date formatting

Errors and Inconsistencies in Formatting Dates. It is also necessary to use standardized formats to record dates. For example, Oracle stores a date as the number of seconds since January 1, 4712 BC, and then uses various functions to display the dates in more human-friendly formats. There are many different and personal ways for recording dates one of the authors (AS) has noted at least 25 different ways in a single clinical trial submitted for FDA review Should February 1,2007 be recorded as 1 February 2007,1 Feb 2007, 1 Feb 07, or 02/01/07 This problem still exists when data for numerical dates are extracted into software programs such as Excel that do not force the user to select a unique format for dates. 

Work on the production of petroleum-like materials from oil shale in the Green River formation dates back many years. One of the first major efforts was that undertaken by the U.S. Bureau of Mines in 1944. This program involved two 40-ton capacity retorts that operated between 1947 and 1951, with a production of some 920 runs and a total consumption of 37,500 tons of raw shale. This was a batch process and much was learned from this experience. 

A) Perio c table in the Mendeleevian format dating frommid-1890s B) same periodic table in more modem natural order ... 

Attempts to explain the mechanism of latex film formation date from the early 1950s [2-4]. Early pioneers include Bradford and Vandeifaoff at Dow, Brown at Rohm and Haas and Voyutskii in Moscow. While there has been steady progress in trying to understand aspects of the process, recently newly developed, powerful techniques have been used to study the problem. 

An evaluation of the confinement functions in the HCF must consider the state of the confinement structures, and the potential flow and/or leakage paths that would result in dose consequences to either on-site or off-site personnel. Two outside evaluations of the seismic performance of HCF SSCs form the basis for this DBE analysis. The first, performed by Walla Engineering Ltd in December 1998, was an evaluation of the east shield wall of Zone 2A. This wall has the greatest potential for failure in a seismic event of ail of the basement concrete structural elements, since it is unrestrained at the top. The second evaluation is a qualitative assessment of several SSCs performed by Chavez-Grieves based on an on-sHe inspection, reported in memorandum format dated May 18,1999. 

Multi-author volume surveying chemical wave and pattern formation, an up-to-date introduction for those entering the field. 

To date there is no evidence that sodium forms any chloride other than NaCl indeed the electronic theory of valency predicts that Na" and CU, with their noble gas configurations, are likely to be the most stable ionic species. However, since some noble gas atoms can lose electrons to form cations (p. 354) we cannot rely fully on this theory. We therefore need to examine the evidence provided by energetic data. Let us consider the formation of a number of possible ionic compounds and first, the formation of sodium dichloride , NaCl2. The energy diagram for the formation of this hypothetical compound follows the pattern of that for NaCl but an additional endothermic step is added for the second ionisation energy of sodium. The lattice energy is calculated on the assumption that the compound is ionic and that Na is comparable in size with Mg ". The data are summarised below (standard enthalpies in kJ) ... 

The second line, however, has a strict format and contains general information about the user s name, the program used to generate this file, and the date and... 

GAMESS stands for general atomic and molecular electronic structure system (we reviewed a version dated Dec. 2, 1998). It is an ah initio and semiempirical program, and has seen the most widespread use for ah initio calculations. The ASCII input hie format is usable but somewhat more lengthy than some other programs. The fact that GAMESS is a free, high-quality software makes it a favorite of many academic researchers. 

By using K/Ar isotope ratios, potassium-containing rocks can be dated to their first formation, even through millions of years. 

From the radioactive decay constants and measurement of the amount of argon in a rock sample, the length of time since formation of the rock can be estimated. Essentially, the dating method requires fusion of a rock sample under high vacuum to release the argon gas that has collected through radioactive decay of potassium. The amount of argon is determined mass spectrometrically,... 

Fischer-Tropsch Process. The Hterature on the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide dates back to 1902 when the synthesis of methane from synthesis gas over a nickel catalyst was reported (17). In 1923, F. Fischer and H. Tropsch reported the formation of a mixture of organic compounds they called synthol by reaction of synthesis gas over alkalized iron turnings at 10—15 MPa (99—150 atm) and 400—450°C (18). This mixture contained mostly oxygenated compounds, but also contained a small amount of alkanes and alkenes. Further study of the reaction at 0.7 MPa (6.9 atm) revealed that low pressure favored olefinic and paraffinic hydrocarbons and minimized oxygenates, but at this pressure the reaction rate was very low. Because of their pioneering work on catalytic hydrocarbon synthesis, this class of reactions became known as the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis. 

Radiocarbon dating (43) has probably gained the widest general recognition (see Radioisotopes). Developed in the late 1940s, it depends on the formation of the radioactive isotope and its decay, with a half-life of 5730 yr. After forms in the upper stratosphere through nuclear reactions of... 

Rhenium, atomic wt 186.2, occurs in nature as two nucHdes Re [14391-28-7] mass 184.9530, in 37.500% abundance and Re [14391-29-8], mass 186.9560, in 62.500% abundance. The latter isotope is radioactive, emitting very low energy radiation and having a half-life estimated at 4.3 ( 0.5) X 10 ° yr. The radioactive decay of this isotope has been used to date accurately the time of Earth s formation. 

Thorium isotope concentrations and ratios, as well as parent and daughter isotope concentrations, are used to date and study the formation and metamorphosis of rocks and sediments. For example, has been used to date coral reef terraces (4). / Th disequiUbria and Th/ Th... 

The efficiency of inactivation by covalent bond formation vs release of the reactive species into solution has been described by its partition ratio. The most efficient inactivators have catalytic partition ratios of 0, in which case each inhibitor molecule leads to inactivation of the enzyme. To this date, many of these inhibitors have been designed, and alternative names like suicide substrate, Trojan Horse inactivator, enzyme induced inactivator, inhibitor, and latent inactivator have been used for this class of inhibitors. A number of comprehensive reviews are available (26—32). 

The bubble size in these cells tends to be the smallest (10 to 50 Im) as compared to the dissolved-air and dispersed-air flotation systems. Also, very httle turbulence is created by the bubble formation. Accordingly, this method is attractive for the separation of small particles and fragile floes. To date, electroflotation has been applied to effluent treatment and sludge thickening. However, because of their bubble generation capacity, these units are found to be economically attractive for small installations in the flow-rate range of 10 to 20 mVh. Electroflotation is not expected to be suitable for potable water treatment because of the possible heavy metal contamination that can arise due to the dissolution of the electrodes. 

More up-to-date data of this process are employed in a study by Rase (Fixed Bed Reactor Design and Diagnostics, Butterworths, 1990, pp. 275-286). In order to keep the pressure drop low, radial flow reactors are used, two units in series with reheating between them. Simultaneous formation of benzene, toluene, and minor products is taken into account. An economic comparison is made of two different catalysts under a variety of operating conditions. Some of the computer printouts are shown there. 

Schotte, W., 1988, Thermodynamic Model for HF Fog Formation , letter to C. A. Soczek, dated August 31, 1988, E.I. DuPont de Nemours Company, duPont Experimental Station, Engineering Department, Wilmington, DE. 

Accordingly, crystallization of iodates from solutions containing an excess of HIO3 sometimes results in the formation of hydrogen biio-dates, M H(I03)2, or even dihydrogen triiodates,... 

The rearrangement has been extended to other 4-substituted benzofuroxans of type 61, giving 62 i30-i32. although in no ease to date has the benzofuroxan been isolated, they are presumed intermediates in the formation of 63 and 64 from 5-dimethylaminobenzo-furoxan with 2,4-dinitrobenzenediazonium chloride and nitrous acid, respectively, and of 66 from 6, 68 from 67,and 70 from 69.132... 

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