Stainless-steel standard reactor

The veratrole was introduced into a stainless-steel standard reactor with the HY zeolite and the reaction mixture was then heated to 90 °C and acetic anhydride is added over 4 h. The molar ratio veratrole/acetic anhydride was 1.2. When the reaction was over, the reactor was cooled to 60 °C and the reaction mixture filtered under 2 bar. With a 5-cm cake, the filtration rate was acceptable. After distillation, the acetover-atrole was isolated in 85% yield. The use of a spray-dried form of HY zeolite, a catalyst consisting of 60 wt% silica and 40 wt% H Y zeolite, was another means of increasing the filtration rate. In this last case, the catalyst can easily be recycled. 

All reactions were carried out at standard conditions using 0.5 g catalyst in a stainless steel micro-reactor (Autoclave Engineers) with a H2 flow of 7 [imol s 1 at 623 K and atmospheric pressure. The catalysts were activated by reduction in dry hydrogen at 773 K for 16 h. The hydrogen gas was ultra... 

Starch-free BSG was subjected to reaction with water (autohydrolysis) in a 2-L stainless steel Parr reactor model 4532 (Moline, IL), to cause the hydrolytic degradation of hemicelluloses, operating under optimized conditions (liquid-to-solid ratio of 8 1 [w/w], standard heating temperature profile up to 190°C, isothermal reaction at 190°C for 2.5 min) (2). After the reactor was cooled down, the oligosaccharide-containing liquor (OCL) was separated from the residual solid by filtration (Whatman no. 1 filter paper). 

The reactor effluent, containing 1—2% hydrazine, ammonia, sodium chloride, and water, is preheated and sent to the ammonia recovery system, which consists of two columns. In the first column, ammonia goes overhead under pressure and recycles to the anhydrous ammonia storage tank. In the second column, some water and final traces of ammonia are removed overhead. The bottoms from this column, consisting of water, sodium chloride, and hydrazine, are sent to an evaporating crystallizer where sodium chloride (and the slight excess of sodium hydroxide) is removed from the system as a soHd. Vapors from the crystallizer flow to the hydrate column where water is removed overhead. The bottom stream from this column is close to the hydrazine—water azeotrope composition. Standard materials of constmction may be used for handling chlorine, caustic, and sodium hypochlorite. For all surfaces in contact with hydrazine, however, the preferred material of constmction is 304 L stainless steel. 

The unit was built in a loop because the needed 85 standard m /hour gas exceeded the laboratory capabilities. In addition, by controlling the recycle loop-to-makeup ratio, various quantities of product could be fed for the experiments. The adiabatic reactor was a 1.8 m long, 7.5 cm diameter stainless steel pipe (3 sch. 40 pipe) with thermocouples at every 5 centimeter distance. After a SS was reached at the desired condition, the bypass valve around the preheater was suddenly closed, forcing all the gas through the preheater. This generated a step change increase in the feed temperature that started the runaway. The 20 thermocouples were displayed on an oscilloscope to see the transient changes. This was also recorded on a videotape to play back later for detailed observation. 

The large physical size of the later Magnox stations, such as Wylfa, led to the development of the more compact advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR) design [31] that could utilize the standard turbine generator units available in the UK, Stainless-steel clad, enriched uranium oxide fuel can tolerate higher temperatures... 

Typical reactors are made of stainless steel (e.g. 316 L) or are glass-lined. Standard glass-... 

Hydrolytic Kinetic Resolution (HKR) of epichlorohydrin. The HKR reaction was performed by the standard procedure as reported by us earlier (17, 22). After the completion of the HKR reaction, all of the reaction products were removed by evacuation (epoxide was removed at room temperature ( 300 K) and diol was removed at a temperature of 323-329 K). The recovered catalyst was then recycled up to three times in the HKR reaction. For flow experiments, a mixture of racemic epichlorohydrin (600 mmol), water (0.7 eq., 7.56 ml) and chlorobenzene (7.2 ml) in isopropyl alcohol (600 mmol) as the co-solvent was pumped across a 12 cm long stainless steel fixed bed reactor containing SBA-15 Co-OAc salen catalyst (B) bed ( 297 mg) via syringe pump at a flow rate of 35 p,l/min. Approximately 10 cm of the reactor inlet was filled with glass beads and a 2 pm stainless steel frit was installed at the outlet of the reactor. Reaction products were analyzed by gas chromatography using ChiralDex GTA capillary column and an FID detector. 

In a typical experiment, the appropriate IL (2.0 ml), the iridium complex 11 (3 X 10 mmol) and the substrate 8 (11 8 = 500 1) were loaded under argon in a window-equipped stainless steel autoclave (V = 12 ml). The reactor was then pressurised with H2 and the desired amount of CO2, followed by heating under stirring to 40 °C for a standard reaction time of 22 h. The products were collected for GC and HPLC analysis by extraction of the IL phase with hexane after cooling and venting, or alternatively isolated by CO2 extraction. Representative results are summarised in Table 3. 

Step 3—In a separate step, styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) resin is prepared by emulsion, suspension, or mass polymerization by free-radical techniques. The operation is carried out in stainless-steel reactors operated at about 75°C (167°F) and moderate pressure for about 7 hours. Tlie final chemical operation is the blending of the ABS graft phase with the SAN resin, plus adding various antioxidants, lubricants, stabilizers, and pigments. Final operations involve preparation of a slurry of fine resin particles (via chemical flocculation), filtering, and drying in a standard fluid-bed dryer at 121-132°C (250-270°F) inlet air temperature. 

A standard experimental set up was used for the catalytic experiments. The flow rates of helium, which was used as carrier gas and oxygen were regulated by mass flow controllers (Brooks). Both gases were used as delivered, without any further purification. The pressure at the reactor inlet was measured by means of a mercury manometer. The liquid reactant was pumped to the reactor by means of an injection pump. The tubing from the pump to the reactor was made of teflon, all others were stainless steel ( "o.d., 2 mm i.d.)... 

In most of the runs, the shale sample (as pebbles) was contained in a stainless steel, wire screen basket, 1/4-3/8 in. in diameter and 3 in. high. The reactor section was brought to the desired initial temperature with a stabilized gas flow stream at about 10 standard cu ft/hr. The sample was lowered into the reactor, and the power to the heating elements was adjusted to achieve the desired heat-up rate. The heat-up rates used included slow (about 15°F/min), fast (about 35°F/min), and very rapid, in which case the sample was lowered quickly into a preheated... 

The reactor to be used is a 4m3 stainless steel stirred tank following DIN-Standards [20]. It is equipped with a indirect heating cooling system using a monofluid (water-diethylene glycole mixture) circulating in a heat exchanger... 

Structural materials longevity/cost Superior. Standard reactor-grade stainless steels for low temperature loop will perform acceptably over 30 year life and at lower cost compared to high temperature loop. 

The selected samples were sent to the University of Maryland. They were opened in a Class 100 clean room and half of each filter was cut from the holder with a stainless steel scalpel, folded and transferred to an acid-washed polyethylene bag. The bags were placed into pneumatic tube sample carriers ("rabbits") along with standards and flux monitors, and irradiated in the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) reactor at a flux of 5 x 10 n/cm -sec. Gamma-ray spectra of the irradiation products were observed with Ge r-ray detectors using procedures discussed by... 

The hydrogenation reactions were carried out in a 100-ml stainless-steel autoclave equipped with a 50-ml glass liner and PTFE cover to provide clean conditions. The reactor was magnetically stirred (n = 1000 min 1). The pressure was held at a constant value by a computerized constant volume - constant pressure equipment (Buchi BPC 9901). By monitoring the pressure inside the vessel and the injected pulses, the hydrogen uptake could be followed. Under standard conditions, 42 2 mg prereduced catalyst, 1.84 mmol substrate, 6.8 imol modifier and 5 ml solvent were used at 10 bar and room temperature. 

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