Stainless steel cladding

Large clad-to-backer ratio limits can be achieved by explosion cladding. Stainless steel-clad components as thin as 0.025 mm and as thick as 3.2 cm have been explosion clad. 

The large physical size of the later Magnox stations, such as Wylfa, led to the development of the more compact advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR) design [31] that could utilize the standard turbine generator units available in the UK, Stainless-steel clad, enriched uranium oxide fuel can tolerate higher temperatures... 

Hill, B. and Trueb, L. F., Resistance of Explosion-bonded Stainless Steel Clads to Intergranular Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking , Corrosion, 25, 23 (1969)... 

The electrochemical examination of fusion joints between nine pairs of dissimilar metal couples in seawater showed that in most cases the HAZ was anodic to the weld metals" . Prasad Rao and Prasanna Kumarundertook electrochemical studies of austenitic stainless steel claddings to find that heat input and 5Fe content significantly affected the anodic polarisation behaviour under active corrosion conditions whilst Herbsleb and Stoffelo found that two-phased weld claddings of the 24Cr-13Ni type were susceptible to inter-granular attack (IGA) as a result of sensitisation after heat treatment at 600°C /pa was unaffected by heat input. 

EFFECT OF STAINLESS STEEL CLADDING OR WELD OVERLAY... 

R. Stainless steel cladding on 0.5Mo steel no known HTHA. 

Effect of Stainless Steel Cladding or Weld Overlay. 10... 

D-201 D-202 2 Additive Mixing Tank, stainless steel clad, 70 gal. 

D-203 to D-206 4 Rubber Dissolving Tank, jacketed, stainless steel clad, 1,000 gallons. 

Effect of surface conditions While the value of the CHF is assumed not to be significantly affected by variation in heating surface roughness for ordinary liquids, some experiments with boiling liquid metals (cesium) on horizontal 0.43-in. (ll-mm)-diameter stainless steel-clad cylindrical heaters of three different surface types (Kutateladze et al., 1973 Avksentyuk and Mamontova, 1973) showed different magnitudes and kinds of crisis. These experimenters tested three types of surfaces ... 

I0.6.8.I Cladding failure in oxide fuel pins of nuclear reactors. The long-term operational performance of nuclear fuel pins is critically governed by the reactions that occur in the gap between the fuel and its cladding. Ball et al. (1989) examined this for the cases of (1) Zircaloy-clad pellets of U02+, in a pressurised water reactor (PWR) and (2) stainless-steel-clad pellets of (U, P)02+, in a liquid-metal-cooled fast-breeder reactor (LMFBR). In particular they were interested in the influence of O potential on Cs, I, Te and Mo and the effects of irradiation on the gaseous species within the fuel-clad gaps. 

Cladding wastes are comprised of solid fragments of Zircaloy and stainless steel cladding (tube in which the fuel is placed) and other structural elements of the fuel assemblies remaining after the final cores have been dissolved. 

If the inside surface of a large reactor is stainless steel, clad steel plate is the material of construction for the reactor shell. The extra cost for stainless steel cladding is relatively low. Highly polished surfaces in such reactors can best be obtained by electric polishing, which we effect by a special method. At present it is not possible to construct 100-m3 or 200-m3 reactors with enamelled inside walls. If sufficient protection could be provided against damage to enamel, which on large... 

As carbon steel exhibits much better mechanical properties than stainless steel, large scale pressure vessels are commonly built in carbon steel covered by an internal stainless steel cladding. As carbon steel may be subject to phase transition, it becomes brittle when temperature decreases below -20°C so it is absolutely necessary to avoid such low temperature "exploration" during depressurization. In fact, adiabatic CO2 decompression to atmosphere leads to very low temperature and CO2 ice formation. So hot fluid circulation in the autoclave jacket and a "controlled" decompression could easily eliminate this hazard. 

However, it is recommended to set a temperature captor inside the autoclave wall near the autoclave bottom where the lowest temperatures may occur, so that the temperature limit fixed by the autoclave design be not reached otherwise, the autoclave must be replaced. Another hazard might also appear on these stainless steel cladded autoclave if this cladding is perforated or cracked and CO2 corrodes the carbon steel (in presence of water) so a strict inspection must be made frequently to ensure that no such cladding perforation occurs. 

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