Staining treatment

It should be borne in mind that at the temperature at which the fixation/staining treatment was performed (45 C) an appreciable portion of the material was in the molten state. Moreover, crystals smaller than 3-4 nm cannot be made visible by the fixation/staining technique used. This means that the phase that seems to be amorphous consists of uncrystallizable to poorly crystallizable material. 

Moreover, the morphology of specimens can be stabilized by applying chemical fixation and staining treatments, essentially by cross-linking the macromolecules and incorporating atoms of heavy elements. On the other hand, it is possible to make use of the irradiation sensitivities of polymers for special effects for contrast development see Section 2.2.4. 

Lemon juice. Use this to bleach spots out of white cotton and linen use as a pre-laundry stain treatment for diaper, baby formula, grass, and tomato sauce stains. 

The preparation of special thin films (solution-cast films, focused ion beam (FIB) sections) with an additional staining treatment (as used for ultramicrotomy) and then studying by TEM or AFM. 

Due to the relatively high cost of specialty surfactants when compared to the typical cost of the anionic and nonionic detergents, a cost study should be done to obtain a balanced formulation picture. Many prespotters contain 20% solids, most of which is surfactant. Since most consumers greatly overdose a prespot stain treatment in an emotional desire to save their garment, low-solids formula-... 

General schemes for the identification of natural and synthetic fibers have been estabhshed by the Textile Institute and by the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (8). A comprehensive treatment of burning, solvent, staining, microscopy, and density techniques has been given (9) and a general discussion of procedures for identifyiag synthetic fibers has been presented (10). 

Conserva.tlon, The objectives ia the treatment of stone objects are primarily cleaning, stabilization, consoHdation, repair, and restoration (132—135). Cleaning can vary from a light dusting to the removal of stubborn grime and stains with solvents and detergents. The latter can be appHed usiag a poultice method to iacrease the efficiency with which the extraneous material is removed from below the surface of the stone. 

Ammonium bifluoride is used as a sour or neutralizer for alkalies in commercial laundries and textile plants. Treatment also removes iron stain by forming colorless ammonium iron fluorides that are readily rinsed from the fabric (17). 

Carpet. Carpet, an important textile, may also be treated to provide water and oU repeUency however, the principal functions of the current carpet treatments are to provide soU and stain resistance. High quaUty carpets, especiaUy those made from nylon, polyester, or wool, have a significant proportion of the surface coated with fluorochemical materials. The treatments can be spray-appUed to a finished carpet or appUed directly to the fiber during the spinning or dyeing operations. Suitable fluorinated resin materials are readily avaUable from 3M or DuPont. 

Chrome-complexed fluorochemicals, as weU as fluoropolymers, are widely used products. The compositions are proprietary. Fluorochemicals provide a high degree of water repeUency as weU as repeUency to aqueous stains, oUs, grease, and oilhorne stains. TraditionaUy, treatments are appUed duting a dmm process ia which about 30 min are required for flUl penetration of the leather to occur. Products are also avaUable for appUcation with sprayiag equipment and roU coaters. 

With knitted fabrics it is necessary to remove the knitting oils by either alkaH treatment or solvents. Where water-immiscible oils have been used and the fabric is to be hot dyed (80°C or above), a minimum scour to remove dirt and stains can be sufficient, the rest of the oil being removed during the dyeing process. 

New chemical treatment programs were proposed that would permit reduction of staining at a higher pH and markedly reduce corrosion. 

One significant development in recent years has been the widespread treatment of clothing fabrics to give a measure of water and stain resistance. Mention may also be made of the expression Teflon-coated (Teflon is the DuPont trade name for PTFE) to describe a person, usually a politician, to whom no dirt (i.e. scandal) sticks, a reflection of the non-stick characteristics of the polymer ... 

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