Stable isotope chemistry

Sass E, Kolodny Y (1972) Stable isotopes, chemistry and petrology of carbonate concretions (Mishash formation, Israel). Chem Geol 10 261-286 Sauer PE, EgUnton Tl, Hayes JM, Schimmelmann A, Sessions AL (2001) Compound-specific D/H ratios of hpid biomarkers from sediments as a proxy for environmental and climatic conditions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 65 213-222... 

Kohn MJ, Josef JA, Madden R, Kay R, Vucetich G, Carlini AA (2004) Climate stability across file Eocene-Oligocene transition, southern Argentina Geology 32 621-624 Kohn MJ, Law JM (2006) Stable isotope chemistry of fossil bone as a new paleoclimate indicator. Geochim... 

Stable Isotope Chemistry Oxygen, Carbon, and Sulfur Isotopes... 

In 1970 the author moved to a new base in the University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Here the glassblowing workshop services the School of Science, composed of Earth Sciences, Biological Sciences, Physics and Chemistry. Foreseeably Chemistry, which teaches organic, inorganic, physical and stable isotope chemistry, and in recent years, biochemistry, has made the greatest demand on the service. 

Whelan J.F., Cobb J.C, and Rye R.O., 1988, Stable isotope chemistry of sphalerite and ocher mineral matter m coal beds of the Dlmois and Forest Gty basins. Ecoa. GeoL, 83, 990-1007. 

Following emplacement or eruption, igneous rocks may be chemically modified, either by outgassing or by interaction with a fluid. The outgassing of igneous rocks chiefly affects the stable isotope chemistry whereas interaction with a fluid may affect all aspects of the rock chemistry. Ideally, igneous rocks selected for chemical analysis are completely fresh, but sometimes this cannot be achieved. For example,... 

Sutzman, E. W. 2007. Stable isotope chemistry and measurement A primer. In Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science. Michewer, R. and Lajtha, K. (eds), Oxford Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. 

Abundances of lUPAC (the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry). Their most recent recommendations are tabulated on the inside front fly sheet. From this it is clear that there is still a wide variation in the reliability of the data. The most accurately quoted value is that for fluorine which is known to better than I part in 38 million the least accurate is for boron (1 part in 1500, i.e. 7 parts in [O ). Apart from boron all values are reliable to better than 5 parts in [O and the majority arc reliable to better than I part in 10. For some elements (such as boron) the rather large uncertainty arises not because of experimental error, since the use of mass-spcctrometric measurements has yielded results of very high precision, but because the natural variation in the relative abundance of the 2 isotopes °B and "B results in a range of values of at least 0.003 about the quoted value of 10.811. By contrast, there is no known variation in isotopic abundances for elements such as selenium and osmium, but calibrated mass-spcctrometric data are not available, and the existence of 6 and 7 stable isotopes respectively for these elements makes high precision difficult to obtain they are thus prime candidates for improvement. 

The nuclear charge and the electrons it attracts primarily determine the ways in which atoms behave toward other atoms. Mass differences cause only minor chemical effects. Since the isotopes of an element have the same nuclear charge and the same number of electrons per neutral atom, they react in the same ways. Thus we can speak of the chemistry of oxygen without specifying which one of the three stable isotopes is reacting. Only the most precise measurements will indicate the very slight chemical differences among them. 

We proposed to study diet and health by combining bone chemistry and histomorphometry. Diet would be determined by analysis of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in bone protein and some preserved hair. In addition, trace elements would be quantitatively analyzed in preserved bone mineral. Abonyi (1993) participated in the study by reconstructing the diet from historical sources and analyzing various foods. Having analyzed human tissues for stable isotopes and trace elements, and foods for the same variables, we hoped to learn more about 19th century diet in southern Ontario, and at the same time, learn more about paleodiet reconstruction. 

Tykot, R.H., van der Merwe, N.J. and Hammond, N. 1996 Stable isotope analysis of bone collagen, bone apatite, and tooth enamel in the reconstruction of human diet. A case study from Cuello, Belize. In Orna, M.V., ed., Archaeological Chemistry Organic, Inorganic, and Biochemical Analysis. ACS Symposium Series 625, Washington, DC, American Chemical Society 355-365. 

Pearson, FJ. and Coplen, T.B. 1978 Stable isotope studies of lakes. In Lerman, A., ed., Lakes-Chemistry, Geology, Physics. New York, Springer-Verlag 325-339. 

Some isotopes that occur in nature are unstable and are said to be radioactive. A few radioactive isotopes, such as uranium-238 and carbon-14, are found on Earth, and many others can be synthesized in nuclear chemistry laboratories, as we describe in Chapter 22. Over time, radioactive isotopes decompose into other stable isotopes. Unstable isotopes decompose in several ways. Most nuclei that have Z > 83 decompose by giving off a helium... 

Each different unstable isotope has its own characteristic rate of decomposition. Some isotopes survive for only a fraction of a second, but others decompose slowly, sometimes over thousands of years. Most of chemistry involves the stable isotopes, so we defer further consideration of nuclear decomposition until Chapter 22, which covers nuclear processes In detail. 

C02-0106. Consult the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics and compile two lists, one of the Z values of the elements that have just one stable isotope and the other of the Z values of the elements that have four or more stable isotopes. Determine if there are any patterns in the atomic number values of the elements occurring in each of these lists. 

Groning M, Frolich K, De Regge PP, Danesi PR (1999) Intended use of the IAEA reference materials. Part II Examples on reference materials for stable isotope composition. In Fajgelj A, Parkany M, eds. The Use of Matrix Reference Materials in Environmental Analytical Processes, pp 81-92. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 

Alley RB, Mayewski PA, Sowers T, Stuiver M, Taylor KC, Clark PU (1997) Holocene climatic instability A prominent, widespread event 8200 yr ago. Geology 25 483-486 Amelin Y, Zaitsev AN (2002) Precise geochronology of phoscorites and carbonatites The critical role of U-series disequilibrium in age interpretations. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 66 2399-2419 Amundson RG, Chadwick OA, Sowers JM, Doner HE (1988) Relationship between climate and vegetation and the stable carbon isotope chemistry of soils in the eastern Mojave Desert, Nevada. Ouat Res 29 245-254... 

Ra is soluble and therefore tends to be released to deep waters when it is formed by °Th decay in marine sediments. Substrates which capture the resulting excess of Ra found in seawater can potentially be dated using the decay of this Ra excess ( Raxs). Unfortunately there is no stable isotope of Ra with which to normalize measured Ra values but the marine chemistry of Ba is sufficiently close to that of Ra that it can be used as a surrogate for a stable Ra isotope and seawater Ra/Ba ratios are constant throughout the oceans, except in the deep North Pacific (Chan et al. 1976). The half life of Ra is only 1600 years so Raxs/Ba chronology is limited to the Holocene but it nevertheless has potential for use in several regions. 

Tykot, R. H. (2002b), Contribution of Stable Isotope Analysis to Understanding Dietary Variation among the Maya, in Jakes, K. (ed.), Archaeological Chemistry, Vol. 6, Materials, Methods and Meaning, Advances in Chemistry Series, ACS, Washington, DC, pp. 214-230. 

Since the discovery of the first noble gas compound, Xe PtF (Bartlett, 1962), a number of compounds of krypton, xenon, and radon have been prepared. Xenon has been shown to have a very rich chemistry, encompassing simple fluorides, XeF2> XeF, and XeF oxides, XeO and XeO oxyf luorides, XeOF2> XeOF, and Xe02 2 perxenates perchlorates fluorosulfates and many adducts with Lewis acids and bases (Bartlett and Sladky, 1973). Krypton compounds are less stable than xenon compounds, hence only about a dozen have been prepared KrF and derivatives of KrF2> such as KrF+SbF, KrF+VF, and KrF+Ta2F11. The chemistry of radon has been studied by radioactive tracer methods, since there are no stable isotopes of this element, and it has been deduced that radon also forms a difluoride and several complex salts. In this paper, some of the methods of preparation and properties of radon compounds are described. For further information concerning the chemistry, the reader is referred to a recent review (Stein, 1983). 

For our first tree sequence [28-32] we measured D/H by reacting sawdust with uranium to produce H2, 99 percent quantitatively. For measurement of 180/160, we modified the method of Rittenberg and Pontecorvo [33] by carrying it out at very high temperatures, 99 percent quantitatively. The temperature must be 525 °C if it is lower, the reaction is not quantitative see the section on our chemistry later in this paper. To measure the stable isotope ratio in carbon, we burned sawdust to completion in oxygen. 

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