Markers hormones

Chemiluminescence has been studied extensively (2) for several reasons (/) chemiexcitation relates to fundamental molecular interactions and transformations and its study provides access to basic elements of reaction mechanisms and molecular properties (2) efficient chemiluminescence can provide an emergency or portable light source (J) chemiluminescence provides means to detect and measure trace elements and pollutants for environmental control, or clinically important substances (eg, metaboHtes, specific proteins, cancer markers, hormones, DNA) and (4) classification of the hioluminescent relationship between different organisms defines their biological relationship and pattern of evolution. 

The major problem in such conversions is the degradation of the branched carbon side-chain on C-17 which is present in all abundant steroids and lacking in all steroid hormones. The most important starting material used in industry today is diosgenin from the Mexican dioscorea plant. It is degraded by the method of Marker to 16-dehydropregnenolone in 45% total yield. This compound is a key substance in the production of several hormones with anabolic, catabolic, and sexual effects. 

ImmunO lSS iy. Chemiluminescence compounds (eg, acridinium esters and sulfonamides, isoluminol), luciferases (eg, firefly, marine bacterial, Benilla and Varela luciferase), photoproteins (eg, aequorin, Benilld), and components of bioluminescence reactions have been tested as replacements for radioactive labels in both competitive and sandwich-type immunoassays. Acridinium ester labels are used extensively in routine clinical immunoassay analysis designed to detect a wide range of hormones, cancer markers, specific antibodies, specific proteins, and therapeutic dmgs. An acridinium ester label produces a flash of light when it reacts with an alkaline solution of hydrogen peroxide. The detection limit for the label is 0.5 amol. 

The objective of these studies is to find a neurochemical marker for depression. For obvious reasons, the majority has looked for changes that might affect monoamine function and so the following sections concentrate on these neurotransmitters. (Evidence suggesting that a dysfunction of the gluocorticoid hormonal system could be involved is discussed later.) Most techniques compare depressed and non-depressed (control) subjects and measure ... 

CA 15-3 serum tumor marker is intended to detect disease recurrence in stage II and stage III breast cancer patients. It has been reported that CA 15-3, together with other suitable markers, is preferred in measuring the effect of applied hormonal therapy or chemotherapy in metastatic disease. Studies have indicated that CA 15-3 assay values are frequently elevated in patients with breast cancer. These... 

Although there has been a substantial body of pharmacological evidence in support of the monoamine theory of depression, clinical biochemical data have been less convincing (Luchins, 1976) this is where differences in the concentrations of NA and 5-HT and their metabolites or hormones, which are ultimately under the control of brain monoaminergic neurons (neuroendocrine markers), have been compared between depressed patients and normal controls. However, by the early 1970s a major difficulty with the theory was becoming apparent this was the time lag between the immediate... 

Growth hormone. Mood disorders have been related to alterations in the activity of the growth-hormone axis. A blunted growth-hormone response to clonidine, an a2 receptor agonist, has been consistently found in depression. Increased growth-hormone secretion during the day and decreased nocturnal growth-hormone secretion have also been observed in depressed patients. Depressed patients have lower CSF concentrations of somatostatin, compared to those with schizophrenia and normal controls. While lower CSF somatostatin is a state-dependent marker of depression, it occurs in a number of unrelated nonpsychiatric conditions, and thus appears to be relatively nonspecific. 

Anderson PW, Cox DA, Sashegyi A, Paul S, Silfen SL, Walsh BW (2001) Effects of raloxifene and hormone replacement therapy on markers of serum atherogenicity in healthy postmenopausal women. Maturitas 39 71-77... 

Davison S, Davis SR (2003) New markers for cardiovascular disease risk in women impact of endogenous estrogen status and exogenous postmenopausal hormone therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 2470-2478... 

Zanger D, Yang BK, Ardans J, Waclawiw MA, Csako G, Wahl LM, Cannon RO III (2000) Divergent effects of hormone therapy on serum markers of inflammation in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease on appropriate medical management. J Am Coll Cardiol 36 1797-1802... 

Xu et al. [76] have showed that human embryonic stem cells by treatment with bone morphogenetic protein-4 can be driven to differentiate into tro-phoblasts which have the ability to syncytialize and form confluent mono-layers. The differentiated cells express a number of trophoblast markers and secrete placental hormones and thus may provide an alternative placental model. Under the culture conditions used, however, the cells propagated poorly. 

---