Stability of electrolytes

Chemical Stability of Electrolytes with Lithium and Lithiated Carbon... 

The cycle life of a rechargeable battery depends on the long-term reversibility of cell chemistries, and the electrochemical stability of the electrolyte plays a crucial role in maintaining this reversibility. In electrochemistry, there have been numerous techniques developed to measure and quantify the electrochemical stability of electrolyte components, and the most frequently used technique is cyclic voltammetry (CV) in its many variations. 

Table 4. Anodic Stability of Electrolyte Solutes Nonactive Electrodes ...

Table 5. Electrochemical Stability of Electrolyte Solvents Nonactive Electrodes...

Another issue closely related with the anodic stability of electrolytes is the interaction between electrolyte components and the commonly used cathode substrate A1 in lithium ion cells. 

Long-Term Stability of Electrolytes at Elevated Temperatures... 

On the other hand, since most of these reactions are thermally activated, their kinetics are accelerated by the rise in temperature in an Arrhenius-like manner. Therefore, within a much shorter time scale, the adverse effect of these reactions could become rather significant during the storage or operation of the cells at elevated temperatures. In this sense, the long-term and the thermal stability of electrolytes can actually be considered as two independent issues that are closely intertwined. The study of temperature effects on electrolyte stability is made necessary by the concerns over the aging of electrolytes in lithium-based devices, which in practical applications are expected to tolerate certain high-temperature environments. The ability of an electrolyte to remain operative at elevated temperatures is especially important for applications that are military/space-related or traction-related (e.g., electric or hybrid electric vehicles). On the other hand, elevated tem-... 

Water is the most common solvent system used for polarography but many other solvents such as dimethylformamide (DMF), acetonitrile, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) are also widely used. In general polar solvents must be used as they must be able to dissolve a suitable ionic salt, such as tetraalkylammonium salts, to act as a supporting electrolyte. The effect of the solvent is often profound as it greatly affects the stability of electrolytic intermediates. The biggest contra.st is between protic solvents such as water and the alcohols which readily supply hydrogen ions and the aprotic solvents which do not. 

E. Zinigrad, L. Larush-Asraf, J. S. Gnanaraj, H. E. Gottieb, M. Sprecher, D. Aurbach, J. Power Sources 2005, 146, 176. Calorimetric studies of the thermal stability of electrolyte solutions based on alkyl carbonates and the effect of the contact with hthium. 

C. W. Walker Jr., J. D. Cox, M. Salomon, J. Electrochem. Soc. 1996, 143, L80-L82. Conductivity and electrochemical stability of electrolytes containing organic solvent mixtures with lithium tris(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)methide. 

M. Xu, L. Zhou, L. Hao, L. Xing, W. Li, B. L. Lucht, J. Power Sources 2011,196,6794-6801. Investigation and application of lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate (LiDFOB) as additive to improve the thermal stability of electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries. 

Quantum Chemistry Studies of Oxidative Stability of Electrolyte Compounds... 

Badwal, S. B. S., Qacchi, F. T., Rajendran, S., and Drennan, J. (1998). An investigation of conductivity, microstructure and stability of electrolyte compositions in the system 9 mol% (Sc203-Y203)-Zr02(Al203). Solid State Ionics 109 167-186. 

Electrolytes require a high oxygen ionic conductivity and a dense microstructure to allow for gas separation of fuel and air compartment. Electronic conductivity is to be avoided since this would potentially short-circuit the SOFC. Chemical and thermomechanical stability of electrolytes with electrode materials is also an important requirement to assure long-term stability. Cubic 8 mol% yttria-doped zirconia is, due to its sufficiently and predominantly ionic conductivity, the state-of-the-art material used... 

Yamaki et aL DSC Cathode and electrolyte 1. The thermal stability of electrolytes with Lij Co02 cathode or lithiated carbon anode showed two exothermic peaks, one beginrting at 190 °C and the other beginning at 290 °C [28] n 1... 

Yamaki J-I, Baba Y, Katayama N, Takatsuji H, Egashira M, Okada S (2003) Thermal stability of electrolytes with LixCo02 cathode or lithiated caibon anode. J Power Sources 121 789-793... 

Hence, when reviewing important aspects of non-aqueous magnesium electrochemistry, it is important to consider the reversibility of Mg deposition processes, to map possible corrosion process of Mg electrodes, and to determine the anodic stability of electrolyte solutions in which Mg electrodes behave reversibly. In the following sections, we will briefly review conventional non-aqueous electrolyte solutions and the passivation of active metals in non-aqueous solutions, after which we will describe systematically the behavior of Mg electrodes in various types of conventional and non-conventional non-aqueous electrolyte solutions. Finally, we will review in brief another important aspect of non-aqueous magnesium electrochemistry, which is the electrochemical intercalation of Mg ions into inorganic hosts. 

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