Application methods spray

During the years that followed, new types of accelerators were developed in order to decrease the treatment time and temperature. Around 1930, copper and nickel additions were introduced to speed up the reaction and to permit the use of lower temperatures. The rate of the phosphatation reaction was dramatically increased by the introduction of the activation step with Ti colloids by Jemstedt [6] in 1940. The development of spray application methods greatly improved the speed of phosphatation lines, and the phosphatation time has decreased from hours to minutes, and even reduced down to below 10 s for phosphatation on coil coating lines. 

On a laboratory scale, it has been demonstrated in recent years that thin films of silanes applied to metals can protect the metal from many forms of corrosion, including uniform corrosion, pitting corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, crevice corrosion and other forms, in addition to providing excellent and durable paint adhesion (see Durability - fundamentals). Such thin films are typically of not more than 300-mn thickness. They can be applied by immersion of the metal into a dilute silane solution, for example, 5% in water or water/alcohol mixtures, as not all silanes dissolve in water. Brushing, wiping or spraying application methods can also be used. 

Special Provisions. For workers engaged in spray application methods, respiratory protection must be used in addition to feasible engineering controls and work practices to reduce employee exposure to or below the PELs. 

The Fantesk composite powders were reconstituted into dry-film lubricants by redispersing them in aqueous sucrose solutions. Sucrose was obtained from Fleming Companies, Inc. (Oklahoma City, OK) or purchased from a local supermarket (Domino, Extra Fine Granulated 100% Pure Cane Sugar, Domino Foods Inc., Yonkers, NY). Sucrose regulates the drying of the films on the metal and also improves the adhesion of the composite film to the metal surface. It was demonstrated that the concentration of suCTOse had only a very minor effect on COF [35]. The dry-film-lubricant formulations were then applied onto precleaned stainless steel fiat sheets using doctor-blade or spray application methods as described below. 

A matter of considerable importance in the selection of an application method is its efficiency. Spray techniques are usually inefficient, since many droplets drift past the target and are lost. Even electrostatic spraying can waste as much as 35% of the paint. There is some loss of paint in most methods, but roller coating, curtain coating and electrodeposition are very efficient. Electrodeposition is also a very useful technique where corrosion resistance is important, since it applies a uniform coating over nearly all surfaces of even the most complex-shaped article. 

The types of sprayer and nozzle and number of nozzles are selected depending on the required spray volume and the shape of the crop canopy. Application method, maximum spray volume, application frequency and interval must be as stated in the protocol. 

The mathematics involved with calculating the amount of active ingredient, formulated product, adjuvants, and water to put in a spray tank to achieve the application rate specified in the protocol should be addressed prior to arrival at the field for the first application. This is also true for the calibration method. The author has found that if eight agronomists are involved in a spray application, one will encounter eight distinct calibration methods. If a calibration SOP is not written for the spray equipment to be used, the precise steps in the calibration process should be documented in the field notebook. 

Pesticides may enter the atmosphere during spray applications of the formulated product, by volatilization, through management practices, via wind-distributed soil particles containing absorbed pesticides, etc. Several analytical methods have been reported over the last 30 years for the determination of pesticides in air, and all involve the passage of known volumes of air for a pre-defined time period through an adsorbent material to trap the desired analytes. These analytes are then extracted, concentrated, and analyzed. A few analytical methods have been reported for the determination of triazine compounds in air in the last decade. 

A sample of alfalfa hay from Bozeman, Mont., that had received two spray applications, each of 4 pounds of technical toxaphene per acre, was found by the method recommended by Carter and Hubanks (3) to contain 225 p.p.m. of organic chlorine, equivalent to 331 p.p.m. of toxaphene. This sample was obtained from a bale approximately 5 months after the last spray application. A similar sample of untreated hay was found to contain 1.2 p.p.m. of organic chlorine. 

Application methods Usually as water spray or in liquid fertilizers applied preemergence, but also may be applied preplant or postemergence. Rates of 2-4 pounds/acre (2.24-4.48 kg/ha) are effective for most situations higher rates are used for nonselective weed control, and on high organic soils... 

Application method Sponge or spray (unless manufacturer only specifies spray) After manufacturer s instructions... 

Similar to screen printing, the spray coating method [95] is widely used for catalyst fabrication, especially in labs. The major difference between the two is that the viscosity of the ink for spray coating is much lower than that for screen printing. The application apparatus can be a manual spray gun or an auto-spraying system with programmed X-Y axes, movable robotic arm, an ink reservoir and supply loop, ink atomization, and a spray nozzle with adjustable flux and pressure. The catalyst ink can be coated on the gas diffusion layer or cast directly on the membrane. To prevent distortion and swelling of the membrane, either it is converted into Na+ form or a vacuum table is used to fix the membrane. The catalyst layer is dried in situ or put into an oven to remove the solvent. 

The use of kerosene as a solvent in paints and insecticides increases the likelihood of exposure by painters, particularly when spray applicators are used (Fidler et al. 1987), and in exterminators. Use of a respirator, alternate application methods (brush or roller), and increased ventilation can all reduce worker exposure to the solvent vapor. 

Application Method (Spraying, Wiping, Full Immersion)... 

Soil - Food grease, oil and protein, petroleum grease and oil Surface - Metal, ceramic, polymeric, glass Application Method - Spray and wipe Manufacture - Mix tank with propeller stirrer... 

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