Spirits General

Neutral distilled alcohohc spirit generally treated after distillation with charcoal or other materials without distinctive character, aroma, taste, and color. 

This expression may be interpreted in a very similar spirit to tliat given above for one-photon processes. Now there is a second interaction with the electric field and the subsequent evolution is taken to be on a third surface, with Hamiltonian H. In general, there is also a second-order interaction with the electric field through which returns a portion of the excited-state amplitude to surface a, with subsequent evolution on surface a. The Feymnan diagram for this second-order interaction is shown in figure Al.6.9. 

As a general rule esterification by the Fischer-Speier method should be carried out using absolute cthanob in the following preparation of ethyl benzoate, however, the yield is not sensibly affected by the use of the cheaper rectified spirit. 

Solvents for A-type inks are aUphatic hydrocarbons, for example, hexane, textile spidts, Apco Thinner, lactane, VM P (varnish makers and painters ) naphtha, and mineral spirits. Aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylene are solvents for B-type inks. Generally, a blend of aUphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons is commonly used for this type of ink. 

In England, the Magna Carta provided a standard of measurement for the sale of ale and wine. In 1643, the English Parliament proposed the first tax on distilled spirits. In the American colonies, William Kieft, Director General of New Nethedand, imposed the first liquor tax of two guilders on each half vat of beer in 1640. Alexander Hamilton initiated an excise tax on domestic spirits in 1791. The tax was resented and ultimately repealed in 1800 by Thomas Jefferson. Except during the War of 1812, domestic spirits remained untaxed until 1862. At that time, a tax of 0.02/L was implemented, which has been increased periodically. In January 1991, the Pederal Excise Tax on distilled spirits was raised to 3.56 per titer or 13.50 per proof gallon. In addition, many states have substantially increased the state excise taxes on distilled spirits. 

Technical-grade chloroform generally contains one or more stabilizers, which vary according to specification requirements. The most common is 50 ppm 2-methyl-2-butene [513-35-9]. Other stabilizers are industrial methylated spirit (0.2%), absolute alcohol (0.6—1%), thymol, /-butylphenol, or -octylphenol (0.0005—0.01%). A representative technical quaUty chloroform contains the following amounts of the indicated substances (maximum) ... 

Two classes of resol are generally distinguished, water-soluble resins prepared using caustic soda as catalyst, and spirit-soluble resins which are catalysed by addition of ammonia. The water-soluble resins are usually only partially dehydrated during manufacture to give an aqueous resin solution with a solids content of about 70%. The solution viscosity can critically affect the success in a given application. Water-soluble resols are used mainly for mechanical grade paper and cloth laminates and in decorative laminates. 

In contrast to the caustic soda-catalysed resols the spirit-soluble resins have good electrical insulation properties. In order to obtain superior insulation characteristics a cresol-based resol is generally used. In a typical reaction the refluxing time is about 30 minutes followed by dehydration under vacuum for periods up to 4 hours. 

Cobalt naphthenate is generally supplied in solution in styrene, the solution commonly having a cobalt concentration of 0.5-1.0%. The cobalt solution is normally used in quantities of 0.5-4.0% based on the polyester. The accelerator solution is rather unstable as the styrene will tend to polymerise and thus although the accelerator may be metered from burettes, the latter will block up unless frequently cleaned. Cobalt naphthenate solutions in white spirit and dimethyl phthalate have proved unsatisfactory. In the first case dispersion is difficult and laminates remain highly coloured whilst with the latter inferior end-products are obtained and the solution is unstable. Stable solutions of cobalt octoate in dimethyl phthalate are possible and these are often preferred because they impart less colour to the laminate. 

Spirits manufacturing is a sophisticated technology, but in general process operations are less complex and demanding as in the case of oil refinery operations. Often the technology may be described as being closer to an art as opposed to an exact science, but clearly engineering principles for distillation, filtration and batchwise type operations are meticulously employed. 

The following are some of the typical industrial applications for liquid-phase carbon adsorption. Generally liquid-phase carbon adsorbents are used to decolorize or purify liquids, solutions, and liquefiable materials such as waxes. Specific industrial applications include the decolorization of sugar syrups the removal of sulfurous, phenolic, and hydrocarbon contaminants from wastewater the purification of various aqueous solutions of acids, alkalies, amines, glycols, salts, gelatin, vinegar, fruit juices, pectin, glycerol, and alcoholic spirits dechlorination the removal of... 

Alethylated spirit, or spirits of wine 60—70 over-proof, may generally replace the more costly absolute alcohol as a solvent after undergoing a process of purification. The methylated spirit must be of the old kind, co-nsisting of a mixture of 9 parts spirit of wine and i part purified wood-spirit, without the... 

Generally formulated with mild solvents, such as white spirit ... 

In spite of the fact that the general statement of this principle has been shown to be false from all standpoints, it must be admitted that its enunciation was quite in harmony with the spirit of the times the great physicists Lord Kelvin (1851) and Helmholtz (1847) had previously formulated an identical principle in connection with galvanic cells. Thomsen and Berthelot went wrong, not in tlieir enunciation of the so-called theorem as a working hypothesis, but rather in their... 

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