Accident research

While there is active core melt accident research, the TMI-2 accident demon.strated what happens in an accident that ends in partial core melt. Such a partial melt is in contradiction to the RSS assumption that if a melt starts, it will propagate to a full melt which were the only accidents considered in the RSS. 

Risk-based information provides a foundation for regulation of severe accidents. Early PRAs, with large uncertainties, indicated risk that was above or below the Safety Goals depending on containment performance. Consequently the NRC developed an Integration Plan for Closure of Severe Accident Issues (SECY-88-47) with six main elements to this plan 1) individual plant examinations (IPE), 2) containment performance improvements, 3) improved plant oper itions, 4) severe accident research, 5) external event considerations, and 6) accident management. 

The severe accident research program improved public risk assessment, reduced uncertainties, and the reliance on subjective expert opinion. To close two severe accident issues in NRC s Severe Accident Research Plan (NUREG-1365) Mark I Liner Attack and Direct Containment Heating (DCH) were addressed with a new approach using the Risk Oriented Accident Analysis Method (ROAAM) (Theofanous, 1994, 1989). The resolution of the Mark-I Liner Attack issue constitutes the first full demonstration of ROAAM. It emphasizes the determinism and provides a basis for synergistic collaboration among experts through a common communication frame. 

Schaaf, T.W. van der (1988a). Moving from accident research towards methods for near miss reporting. Proposal for a workshop to be funded by the Commission of the European Communities. 

A part of the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission s (NRC) severe accident research program was dedicated to hydrogen issues in LWR containment designs under core meltdown conditions. The analysis included the in-vessel and ex-vessel hydrogen generation as well as its mixing and distribution in the containment. 

Related to the issue of safety expectations is an individual s experience with accidents. While organizations do not want individuals to directly or indirectly experience an accident, this clearly happens. Furthermore, over an individual s life, it would be very unlikely that they do not at least indirectly experience some form of accident. Certainly, everyone is from time to time exposed to media reports of significant accidents. Research on the impact of experience with workplace accidents does suggest that it has a positive impact on subsequent safety behavior. For example, studies by Laughery and Vaubel (1989), and Kouabenan (2002) both found positive correlations between safety behavior and accident experience, suggesting that individuals become more cautious if they have an accident experience. This might also be interpreted as the individual becomes more realistic in their safety-specific expectations. 

Health and Safety Executive (2003) Causal Factors in Construction Accidents. Research Report 156. The Stationery Office, Norwich. 

To make a comprehensive survey of our neighboring country, Japan. Kaizen has been extensively used on each aspects of HSE management. Kaizen is not only to increase the qualities of products but also to extremely decrease the numbers of HSE accidents. Research and analysis of Kaizen are benefit to direct the enterprise s HSE management. 

Leplat, Jacques. 1987. Occupational accident research and systems approach. In New Technology and Human Error, ed. Jens Rasmussen, Keith Duncan, and Jacques Leplat, 181-191. New York John Wiley Sons. 

Cameron, M., Diamantopoulou, K., (2000). Index to measure traffic enforcement effectiveness in each Police Region of Victoria. Monash University Accident Research Centre, Report No. 172. 

Schubert, A., Erbsmehl, C., Hannawald, L. (2013). Standardized pre-crash-scenarios in digital format on the basis of the vufo simulation. In 5th International Conference on ESAR "Expert Symposium on Accident Research , No. F 87 in Fahrzeugtechnik, Bundesanstalt ftlr StraBenwesen, Fachverlag nw. 

Fitzharris, M., FUdes, B. (2007). Analysis ofthe potential crash reduction benefits of electronic brake assist, early warning systems, and the combined effects for pedestrians. Melbourne, Australia Monash University Accident Research Centre for the Automotive Collaborative Research Consortium. 

System versus isolated event. An accident does not just happen. An accident evolves from latent failures or weaknesses in a system. These failures or weaknesses are cumulative and interactive. Nearly always, a single error is insufficient to create an accident, but the same error combined with others will be cumulatively successful in creating an accident. Research has revealed that at least four errors must align to produce an accident. A recent analysis of a catastrophic medical accident revealed over fifty latent system failures contributing to the... 

Department of Trade and Industry. Leisure accident surveillance system (LASS) Home and leisure accident research 1986 data. 11th Annual Report of the Home Accident Surveillance System. London, U.K. Department of Trade and Industry, 1987. 

Williamson, A.M. and Feyer, A.M. Behavioral epidemiology as a tool for accident research. Journal of... 

A-9b. J. Hakii, H. Kaneko, M. Fukasawa, Y. Masahiro, and M. Matsumoto, Experimental Study of Aerosol Removal Effect by Pool Scrubbing, Second Workshop on LWR Severe Accident Research at JAERI, Tokyo, Japan, 1991. 

Data is easier to obtain for more substantial elements of scheme design (e.g. to compare different junction types) than for smaller elements (e.g. different x heights of the letters on direction signs). This is partly because the basic source for much accident research is the Police STATS19 form, which contains a limited number of codes relating to each accident that has occurred. 

Hale, A. R. and Hale, M., A Review of the Industrial Accident Research Literature, Committee on Safety and Health at Work Research Paper, HMSO, London (1972)... 

Surry, J., Industrial Accident Research, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto (1969)... 

Surry, j. Industrial Accident Research A Human Engineering Appraisal. Labor Safety Council, Ministry of Labor, Ontario (1974)... 

Haworth, N., Heffernan, C. Home, E. 1989, Fatigue in Truck Accidents, Monash University Accident Research Centre Hensher, D. Battellino, H. 1990, Long-distance tmddng why do truckies speed , Australian Transport Research Forum, vol. 15, pp. 537-54 Hopkins, A. 1989a, Social values in occupational safety law , Legal Studies Forum, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 135-50... 

Safety science should be looked upon as an interfacultative and interdisciplinary branch of science which, among other things, also encompasses accident research in its conventional sense. The foremost aim of the latter has been and still is to avoid harmful side effects of technology by helping to recognize the causes and possible consequences of accidents. In this way accident research contributes towards improvement of the technical object itself as well as to the manner of its utilization. 

Gibson, J.J. (1961). The Contribution of Experimental Psychology to the Formulation of the Problem of Safely. In Behavioural Approaches to Accident Research, pp. 77-89. New York Association for the Aid of Crippled Children Gordon, J.E. (1949). The Epidemiology of Accidents. American Journal of Public... 

Haddon, W., Suchman, E.A. and Klein, D. (1964). Accident Research Methods and Approaches. New York Harper and Row. 

Kjellen, U. (ed.). (1984). Occupational Accident Research. Amsterdam Elsevier. 

Stress has been the subject of much recent research and comment. Life itself is not without stress but the addition of work-related stress can contribute to a situation where the individual is emotionally and psychologically overcome. Stress affects the individual s decision-making ability and also his actions (behaviours) and can lead to acute accidents. Research by the Health and Safety Executive indicates that a risk assessment approach to managing stress can stimulate new and innovative ways of dealing with the problem. 

---